International Military Alliances, 1648-2008 - Douglas M. Gibler

Soviet-French Cooperation Treaty

rity, the territorial integrity or the political system of any of
them.
They also pledge to abstain from joining any alliance or mili-
tary or political bloc directed against the political independence
or territorial integrity of the other member States.
Article Sixteen. Member States are free to conclude any
agreements between them or with other States or groups pro-
vided these agreements do not run counter to the provisions of
this Treaty.
Article Seventeen. Other States belonging to the Arab Nation
or the African community may join this Treaty if member States
give their approval.
Article Eighteen. Provisions of this Treaty may be amended
upon the proposal of one of the member States, and such
amendment becomes effective after its ratification by all mem-
ber States.
Article Nineteen. This Treaty goes into effect after its ratifica-
tion by the member States according to procedures in force in
each member State.
Member States are committed to take the necessary meas-
ures to this end within a maximum period of six months from
the date of signature of this Treaty.
Done in the city of Marrakesh on the blessed day of Friday
the tenth of Rajab 1409 of the Hegira (1398 of the Death of the
Prophet), corresponding to 17 February (Nuar) 1989.
For the Kingdom of Morocco:
HASSAN II

For the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria:

SHADLI BEN JEDID

For the Republic of Tunisia:

ZEIN EL ABIDIN BEN ALI

For the Great Arab People’s Socialist Libyan Jamahiriya:

MUAMMAR KADDAFI

The President of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania:

MUAWIYA ULD SIDI AHMED TAYEA

4.1435 Pact of Non-Aggression between Iraq

and Saudi Arabia

Alliance Members:Iraq and Saudi Arabia
Signed On:March 27, 1989, in the city of Baghdad (Iraq). In force
until August 2, 1990.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)

Source:BBC Summary of World Broadcasts,March 29, 1989.
Additional Citations:Financial Times,London, March 28, 1989.

SUMMARY

On March 28, 1989, following the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saudi Ara-

bia and Iraq signed this non-aggression pact. The two sides agreed to

not interfere in each other’s internal affairs and to not use force

against one another. One of the primary motives behind the treaty was

to ease concerns over Iraqi aggression and ambitions in the region,

specifically with regard to the border dispute with Kuwait. The agree-

ment was also a signal to Israel because additional accords signed with

this agreement pledged financing for the construction of a nuclear

facility to replace the one that Israel had destroyed in a preventive

attack.

The agreement between Iraq and Saudi Arabia did not last long. On

August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and was poised to continue its

march southward. Saudi Arabia requested help from the United States.

During the war to liberate Kuwait, the United States and other inter-

national coalition forces used Saudi Arabia as a base for military

action. Saudi armed forces participated in bombing campaigns and

ground attacks, and Iraq fired missiles into Saudi Arabian territory.

Description of Terms

The two states pledged noninterference in each other’s internal

affairs and to resolve their disputes using peaceful means.

4.1436 Soviet-French Cooperation Treaty

Alliance Members:France and the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics

Signed On:October 29, 1990, in the city of Rambouillet (France). In

force until December 25, 1991.

Alliance Type:Entente (Type III)

Source:BBC Summary of World Broadcasts,October 31, 1990, Part 1.

SUMMARY

This agreement between France and the Soviet Union provided impor-

tant political and economic gains for the Soviets during the waning

years of the Soviet regime. President Mikhail Gorbachev was set to sign

a historic treaty of friendship with a united Germany in November of

1990. This agreement with the French would ensure that Soviet part-
      nerships in Western Europe were not solely focused on Germany.
      The economic incentives for the Soviets were also large. France prom-
      ised assistance for the Soviet Union as it developed a market-based
      economy, possibly leading to the eventual incorporation of the Soviets
      into the European Community. These pledges were accompanied by a
      $1 billion French aid package of loans and credits for the purchase of
      French grain and other items.
      The treaty did not last long as the Soviet Union collapsed slightly
      more than one year later. However, by February of 1992, France and
      Russia renewed ties with a similar agreement (Alliance no. 4.1441).

Alliance Text

Basing themselves on long traditions of friendship and co-oper-

ation and also on the relations of a preferential nature which

have become firmly established between them;

convinced of the need for rapprochement between states on

the basis of common human values, freedom, democracy,