Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, and Exchanges and Co-operation between the South and the Northother CSCE mechanisms. They are convinced that the Treaty on
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and agreement on a sub-
stantial new set of CSBM’s [confidence and security building
measures], together with new patterns of cooperation in the
framework of the CSCE, will lead to increased security and thus
to enduring peace and stability in Europe.
- They believe that the preceding points reflect the deep
longing of their peoples for close cooperation and mutual
understanding and declare that they will work steadily for the
further development of their relations in accordance with the
present Declaration as well as with the principles set forth in the
Helsinki Final Act.
4.1439 Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack
against Nuclear Installations
Alliance Members:India and Pakistan
Signed On:January 27, 1991, in the city of Islamabad (Pakistan). In
force as of date of publication of this volume.
Alliance Type:Non-Aggression Pact (Type II)
Source:Keesing’s Record of World Events,January 1991.
SUMMARY
This treaty, first proposed in 1985, was signed in December 1988 by
Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi of India and Benazir Bhutto of Pak-
istan. However, cross-border tensions kept the agreement from being
ratified until January 1991.
Once ratified, the Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack against
Nuclear Installations committed both nations to not attack the other
party’s nuclear installations so as to avoid dangerous radioactive fall-
out. According to the agreement, both nations committed to exchang-
ing lists of nuclear installations (primarily including power plants)
annually on the first day of the year. The first exchange occurred on
January 1, 1992.
Description of Terms
The treaty pledged that neither India nor Pakistan would attack
each other’s nuclear facilities.
4.1440 Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-
Aggression, and Exchanges and Co-operation
between the South and the North
Alliance Members:Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North
Korea) and Republic of Korea (South Korea)
Signed On:December 13, 1991, in the city of Seoul. In force as of date
of publication of this volume.
Alliance Type:Non-Aggression Pact (Type II)
Source: The People’s Korea, Resource Material, www1.korea-
np.co.jp/pk/011th_issue/97100101.htm.
Additional Citations: U.S. Department of State, Under Secretary for
Arms Control and International Security,www.state.gov/t/ac/rls/or
/2004/31012.htm;also printed in Peace and Cooperation, White Paper
on Korean Unification,Ministry of National Unification, Republic of
Korea, 1996, p. 200.SUMMARY
In 1972, North Korea and South Korea signed a joint accord pledging
to work toward reunification. The agreement ended a year later over a
scandal involving the arrest of opposition leaders in South Korea. By
September 1990, peace talks were renewed, and these eventually led to
the December 13, 1991, agreement included here. This non-aggression
agreement stated that both nations “shall not interfere in the internal
affairs of the other” and “shall refrain from all acts aimed at destroying
and overthrowing the other side.” The treaty also stated that both
countries would “discontinue confrontations and competition” and
would cooperate in “joint development of resources.” Although rela-
tions on the peninsula remain tense, the agreement is still in force.Alliance Text
The South and the North,
In keeping with the yearning of the entire Korean people for
the peaceful unification of the divided land;
Reaffirming the three principles of unification set forth in
the July 4 {1972} South-North Joint Communiqué;
Determined to remove the state of political and military
confrontation and achieve national reconciliation;
Also determined to avoid armed aggression and hostilities,
reduce tension and ensure peace;
Expressing the desire to realize multi-faceted exchanges and
cooperation to advance common national interests and pros-
perity;
Recognizing that their relations, not being a relationship
between states, constitute a special interim relationship stem-
ming from the process towards unification;
Pledging to exert joint efforts to achieve peaceful unification;
Hereby have agreed as follows:CHAPTER 1 SOUTH-NORTH RECONCILIATION
Article 1. The South and the North shall recognize and
respect each other’s system.
Article 2. The two sides shall not interfere in each other’s
internal affairs.
Article 3. The two sides shall not slander or vilify each other.
Article 4. The two sides shall not attempt any actions of sab-
otage or overthrow against each other.
Article 5. The two sides shall endeavor together to transform
the present state of armistice into a solid state of peace between
the South and the North and shall abide by the present Military
Armistice Agreement {July 27, 1953} until such a state of peace
has been realized.
Article 6. The two sides shall cease to compete or confront
each other and shall cooperate and endeavor together to pro-
mote national prestige and interests in the international arena.
Article 7. To ensure close consultations and liaison between
the two sides, South-North Liaison Officers shall be established
at Panmunjom within three (3) months after the coming into
force of this Agreement.