Map 1 1648
“Europe in 1648: The Peace of Westphalia.” Reproduced from Robert H. Labberton,An Historical Atlas Containing a Chronological
Series of One Hundred and Four Maps, at Successive Periods, from the Dawn of History to the Present Day,6th ed. 1884. Courtesy of
the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.
Map 2 1721
“Historical Map of Europe in 1721 after the Treaties of Utrecht & Nystad.” Reproduced from The Cambridge Modern History Atlas,
edited by A. W. Ward et al. (London: Cambridge University Press, 1912). Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The Univer-
sity of Texas at Austin.
Map 3 1808
“English Double Hemisphere Map, 1808, by Laurie and Whittle.” Courtesty of The Granger Collection, New York.
Map 4 1815
“Europe, 1815–1905.” Reproduced from The Public Schools Historical Atlas,edited by C. Colbeck (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1905).
Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.
Map 5 1911
“Europe at the Present Time.” Reproduced from William R. Shepherd,The Historical Atlas(New York: Henry Holt and Company,
1911). Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.
Map 6 1949
“Europe and the Near East.” Reproduced from National Geographic Magazine, June 1949. Courtesy of the National Geographic
Society.
Map 7 1993
“Russia and the Newly Independent Nations of the Former Soviet Union.” Reproduced from National Geographic Magazine,March
- Courtesy of the National Geographic Society.
Map 8 2005
“The Political World.” From The National Geographic Atlas of the World,8th ed. (Washington, D.C.: The National Geographic Soci-
ety, 2005). Reproduced by permission.
Map Credits