Major States 991
MID#258
Started in March 1939. See the narrative in the 255 Germany/290 Poland dyad dispute
list.
MID#3717
Dispute Number: 3717
Date(s): September 9, 1943 to October 13, 1943
Participants: 255 Germany/325 Italy
Outcome (and Settlement): Joins ongoing war (None)
Fatalities: None
Narrative: Italy surrendered to the allies, but German forces still held much of Italy.
Italy went to war with Germany the next month.
Coding changes: End Date changed from October 18, 1943. Fatalities changed from
Missing.
255 GERMANY/365 RUSSIA
MID#89
Dispute Number: 89
Date(s): September 21, 1822 to November 13, 1823
Participants: 220 France, 255 Germany, 300 Austria-Hungary, 365 Russia/230 Spain
Outcome (and Settlement): Victory for side A (Imposed)
Fatalities: >999 deaths
Narrative: The Franco-Spanish War of 1823 was a French intervention into an ongo-
ing Spanish civil war between monarchist and liberal sentiments. Spain was one of
modern Europe’s early preeminent powers. However, the Spanish kingdom had fallen
into disarray as the centuries progressed. It was gradually losing its presence in the
Americas (its source of prestige) and, by the 19th century, was subject to the whims
of neighboring France. France’s Napoleon Bonaparte forcibly replaced Ferdinand
VII with his own brother in 1808. Napoleon’s defeat overturned that decision, and
Ferdinand VII was back in power though now incredibly unpopular. An army he had
mobilized to reclaim former Spanish colonies in America staged a mutiny. Unhappy
with their conditions, the army revolted in 1820 and forced Ferdinand VII to capitulate
to a liberal constitution. However, this constitution and reorganization of govern-
ment sowed the seeds of suspicion between royalists and liberals in Spain. Civil war
followed.
The army was on the side of the liberals, putting the royalists at a severe dis-
advantage. The Holy Alliance of Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary encour-
aged France to directly intervene to restore Ferdinand VII and quell the liberals.
The French were successful. Their intervention began on April 7, 1823. They
reached Madrid on May 23 and concluded their efforts by capturing Cadiz (the
home base of the Spanish military) by October 1. French intervention ended the