30 Chapter 2
MID#2977
Dispute Number: 2977
Date(s): March 9, 1982 to June 8, 1982
Participants: 2 United States of America/93 Nicaragua
Outcome (and Settlement): Unclear (None)
Fatalities: None
Narrative: US officials displayed aerial photos of a Nicaraguan buildup that was
potentially threatening to its neighbors. The over-flight by the Central Intelligence
Agency was over Nicaraguan airspace. A Nicaraguan patrol boat attacked an unarmed
American helicopter three months later.
Coding changes: Start Date changed from March 17, 1982. End Date changed from
March 17, 1982.
MID#2353
Started in December 1985. See the narrative in the 91 Honduras/93 Nicaragua dyad
dispute list.
2 United States of America/95 Panama
MID#158
Started in February 1921. See the narrative in the 94 Costa Rica/95 Panama dyad
dispute list.
MID#2741
Dispute Number: 2741
Date(s): September 23, 1987 to April 8, 1988
Participants: 2 United States of America/95 Panama
Outcome (and Settlement): Unclear (None)
Fatalities: None
Narrative: Amid political unrest in Panama, the United States moved armed forces
from the area around the Panama Canal to the capital and the US embassy on
September 23, 1987. The Panamanian government protested that this was a violation
of the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty and called the move an invasion, a violation of sov-
ereignty, and a hostile attempt to weaken the government and damage the reputation
of General Manuel Noriega, chief of the defense forces. In February 1988, Manuel
Solis Palma and General Manuel Noriega ousted the Panamanian government, and
on March 28 Panamanian forces stormed a hotel and arrested opposition leaders and
journalists, some of whom were American. The United States responded by sending
1,300 more troops to Panama, April 5–7, and 800 more on April 8. The United States
said the move was made to demonstrate support for President Eric Arturo Delvalle,
who had been ousted in February, and also the National Civic Crusade, a coalition
of various groups in opposition to Noriega. US President Reagan had also imposed