notes to pages 4–5 157
of Aragonese and Castilian kings in later periods. See Ana Echevarría Arsuaga,
Caballeros en la frontera: la guardia morisca de los reyes de Castilla, 1410 – 1467
[translated as Knights on the Frontier: The Moorish Guard of the Kings of Castile
( 1410 – 1467 ), trans. Martin Beagles]; Roser Salicrú i Lluch, “Caballeros granadi-
nos emigrantes y fugitivos en la Corona de Aragón durante el reinado de Alfonso
el Magnánimo,” in II Estudios de la frontera: actividad y vida en la frontera, ed.
Francisco Toro Ceballos and José Rodríguez Molina, 727 – 48 ; and José E. López
de Coca y Castañer, “Caballeros moriscos al servicio de Juan II y Enrique IV,
reyes de Castilla,” Meridies: revista de historia medieval 3 ( 1996 ): 119 – 36.
10. There are numerous studies of Christian soldiers in the service of the sul-
tans of North Africa. Most significantly, see Eva Lapiedra Gutiérrez, “Christian
Participation in Almohad Armies and Personal Guards,” Journal of Medieval Ibe-
rian Studies 2 , no. 2 ( 2010 ): 235 – 50 ; Alejandro García Sanjuán, “Mercenarios cris-
tianos al servicio de los musulmanes en el Norte de África durante el siglo XIII,”
in La Península Ibérica entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico. Siglos XIII- XV. Cádiz,
1 – 4 de Abril de 2003 , ed. Manuel González Jiménez and Isabel Montes Romero-
Camacho, 435 – 47 ; Roser Salicrú i Lluch, “Mercenaires castillans au Maroc au
début du XVe siècle,” in Migrations et diasporas Méditerranéennes (Xe – XVIe siè-
cles), ed. Michel Balard and Alain Ducellier, 417 – 34 ; Simon Barton, “Traitors to
the Faith? Christian Mercenaries in Al- Andalus and the Maghreb, C. 1100 – 1300 ,”
in Medieval Spain: Culture, Conflict, and Coexistence: Studies in Honour of Angus
MacKay, ed. Roger Collins and Anthony Goodman, 23 – 45 ; Carme Batlle i Gal-
lart, “Noticias sobre la milicia cristiana en el Norte de África en la segunda mitad
del siglo XIII,” in Homenaje al Profesor Juan Torres Fontes, 127 – 37 ; and José Ale-
many, “Milicias cristianas al servicio de los sultanes musulmanes del Almagreb,”
in Homenaje á D. Francisco Codera en su jubilación del profesorado, ed. Eduardo
Saavedra, 133 – 69.
11. For a recent assessment of the study of Spain and North Africa, see An-
drew Devereux, Yuen- Gen Liang, Camilo Gómez- Rivas, and Abigail Krasner Bal-
bale, “Unity and Disunity across the Strait of Gibraltar,” Medieval Encounters 19 ,
nos. 1 – 2 ( 2013 ): 1 – 40. There are important exceptions to this division. See, for
instance, Olivia Remie Constable, Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Com-
mercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900 – 1500 ; idem, Housing the Stranger
in the Mediterranean World; Thomas E. Burman, Reading the Qur’ān in Latin Chris-
tendom, 1140 – 1560 ; and Kathryn A. Miller, Guardians of Islam: Religious Authority
and Muslim Communities of Late Medieval Spain.
12. For an overview of the “convivencia” debates, see Maya Soifer, “Beyond
Convivencia: Critical Reflections on the Historiography of Interfaith Relations in
Christian Spain,” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 1 , no. 1 ( 2009 ): 19 – 35 ; Alex
Novikoff, “Between Tolerance and Intolerance in Medieval Spain: An Historio-
graphic Enigma,” Medieval Encounters 1 , no. 2 ( 2005 ): 7 – 36 ; and John Victor To-
lan, “Using the Middle Ages to Construct Spanish Identity: 19 th and 20 th Century