notes to pages 18–20 161
the specific case of medieval Iberia, see María Jesús Viguera Molins, “La orga-
nización militar en Al- Andalus,” Revista de historia militar Extra 1 ( 2001 ): 17 – 60 ,
esp. 38 ; idem, “El ejército” in El reino nazarí de Granada ( 1232 – 1492 ): política,
instituciones, espacio y economía, ed. María Jesús Viguera Molins, 431 – 73 , esp.
441 ; and Victoria Cirlot, “Techniques guerrières en Catalogne féodale: Le Manie-
ment de la lance,” Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale 28 , no. 1 ( 1985 ): 35 – 43. Citing
contemporary illustrations, James Powers suggests that Christian knights rode a
la jineta during the central Middle Ages but, under the influence of the French,
came to ride a la brida after the eleventh century. I have found no evi dence to
corroborate this claim. See James F. Powers, A Society Organized for War: The
Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000 – 1284 , 131 – 32.
17. On the transformation, see Alvaro Soler del Campo, La evolución del ar-
mamento medieval en el Reino Castellano- Leonés y al- Andalus (siglos XII– XIV),
esp. 157 – 72 ; García Fitz, Castilla y León frente al Islam, 386 – 92 , esp. 392 ; Arié,
L’Espagne musulmane, 252 – 53 ; and Juan Manuel, Libro de los Estados in Obras
completas, ed. José Manuel Blecua, I: 347 –5 6.
18. J. Ferrandis Torré, “Espadas granadinas de la jineta,” Archivo español de
arte 16 ( 1943 ): 142 – 66. For thirteenth- century references to the jenet saddle (silla
jineta), see for instance ACA, R. 65 , fol. 97 v; and AHM, “Torrella,” Arm. 11 , Far.
32 , as cited in Mariano Gual de Torrella, “Milicias cristianas en Berbería,” Boletín
de la sociedad arqueológica Luliana 89 ( 1973 ): 54 – 63. See the section on shields
in the riding manual of Antonio Galvão Andrade, Arte de cavelleria, de gineta, e
estardiota bom primor de ferrar, & alueitiara, 188 – 89 : “Que trate como serà obrada
a Adarga.” For thirteenth- century references to the adarga, see for instance ACA,
R. 65 , fol. 97 v ( 1285 ), and ACA, R. 81 , fol. 234 r ( 13 Dec. 1290 ).
19. García Fitz, Castilla y León frente al Islam, 386 – 87.
20. For instance, Pedro de Aguilar, Tractado de cavalleria de la gineta ( 1572 );
Eugenio Mançanas, Libro de enfrenamentos de la gineta ( 1583 ); Bernardo de Var-
gas Machuca, Libro de exercicios de la gineta ( 1600 ); Luis de Bañuelos y de la Cerda,
Libro de la jineta y descendencia de los caballos guzmanes ( 1605 ); Gregorio Tapio
y Salcedo, Exercicios de la gineta ( 1643 ); and Galvão Andrade, Arte de cavelleria
( 1678 ), esp. 451 – 52.
21. Consuelo López- Morillas, “Los Beréberes Zanāta en la historia y la ley-
enda,” Al- Andalus 42 , no. 2 ( 1977 ): 301 – 22 , esp. 309.
22. Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, I: 211 – 14 , cit. 212 : “wa- ammā alladhī bi’l- karr
wa’l- farr fa- huwa qatāl al- ‘arab wa’l- barbar min ahl al- maghrib.” See also EI 2 , s.v.
“furūsiyya.” See also Llibre dels feyts, chap. 266 , which describes Muslim footsol-
diers using the same tactic.
23. Ibn Ḥayyān, al- Muqtabas f ī akhbār bilād al- Andalus, ed. ‘Abd al- Raḥmān
al- Ḥajjī, VII: 192 – 93 : “He considered their dress (ziyyuhum) good, their lightness
in riding noble... and he inferred this from their equipment (ālatihim), which
was perfectly constructed and suited to their horses”; and al- Muqtabas, VII: 190 :