notes to pages 27–28 167
- Bruce B. Lawrence, “Introduction: Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology,” in
Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology, 7 – 8. - Franz Rosenthal, “Ibn Khaldun in His Time (May 27 , 1332 – March 17 , 1406 ),”
in Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology, 21. - Linda T. Darling, “Social Cohesion (‘Aṣabiyya) and Justice in the Late Me-
dieval Middle East,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 49 , no. 2 ( 2007 ):
329 – 57. - Gordon D. Newby, “Ibn Khaldun and Frederick Jackson Turner: Islam and
the Frontier Experience,” in Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology, 132. - Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 3 : “The majority of them were in the Cen-
tral Maghrib, to such a degree that it was associated with them and known for
them. Thus, it is called the land of the Zanāta (al- akthar minhum bi’l- maghrib al-
awsaṭ ḥattā innahu yunsabu ilayhim wa- yu‘rafu bihim fa- yuqālu waṭan al- zanāta).” - EI 2 , s.v. “Zanāta”; and López- Morillas, “Los Beréberes Zanāta,” 304. Ibn
Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 11 and cit. 27 : “These Maghrāwa tribes were the larg-
est of the Zanāta groups as well as the most brave and powerful (hā’ulā’i al- qabā’il
min maghrāwa kānū awsa‘a buṭūn zanāta wa- ahl al- ba’s wa’l- ghalab)”; al- Idrīsī
( 12 th c.), Kitāb nuzhat al- mushtāq f ī ikhtirāq al- āfāq: “The majority of Zanāta are
cavalry who ride horses (wa- akthar zanāta fursān yarkabūn al- khayl)”; and Ibn
Ḥayyān, al- Muqtabas, VII: 192 – 93 , specified that they specialized in light cavalry. - EI 2 , s.v. “al- Ibāḍiyya.”
- HEM, I: 98. Ibn Khaldūn gives two different accounts of the Zanāta’s loyalty
to the Umayyads leading back to the time of the Caliph ‘Uthmān b. ‘Affān in Me-
dina. See Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 27. On the conflicts with the Fāṭimids,
see Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VI: 165 , 168. See also Ibn ‘Idhārī, al- Bayān al-
mughrib, I: 239 – 52 ; and Mafākhir al- Barbar [Fragments historiques sur les Ber-
bères au Moyen Age, extraits inédits d’un receueil anonyme compilé en 712 / 1312 et
intitulé: Kitab Mafakhir al- Barbar], ed. Évariste Lévi- Provençal, 3 – 37. - Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 21 : “[Muḥammad b. Abī ‘Āmir ] relied
upon the Zanāta kings to control everything else (mā warā’a dhālika) and obliged
them with gifts and honorific robes (khila‘). He undertook to honor their arrivals
[at court] and enrolled whoever amongst them wished to enroll in the diwān of the
sultan. Thus, they devoted themselves ( jarradū) to the state and the dissemination
of its message (bathth al- da‘wa).” See EI 2 , s.v. “khila‘.” - Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 35 ; Ibn ‘Idhārī, al- Bayān al- mughrib, I:
252 – 53. - For instance, see Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 33 , 37 – 38 , and Ibn ‘Idhārī,
al- Bayān al- mughrib, I: 253 – 54 , for the cases of Zīrī b. ‘Aṭiyya and al- Mu‘izz b.
‘Aṭiyya. - López- Morillas, “Los Beréberes Zanāta,” 305 , and HEM, I: 98 , 206. The
first Zanāta transferred to the Umayyad court at Cordoba were fleeing from the
Fāṭimids and their Ṣanhāja supporters (Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VI: 192 – 93 ).