168 notes to pages 29–31
On Berber settlements in al- Andalus, see Pierre Guichard, Al- Andalus: estruc-
tura antropológica de una sociedad islámica en Occidente; and Helena de Felipe,
“Berbers in the Maghreb and al- Andalus: Settlements and Toponymy,” Maghreb
Review 18 , no. 1 – 2 ( 1993 ): 57 – 62. An onomastic study of the jenets based on the
chancery registers is still called for.
78. M’hammad Benaboud and Ahmad Tahiri. “Berberising Al- Andalus,” Al-
Qantara 11 , no. 2 ( 1990 ): 475 – 87.
79. Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 61 ; Mafākhir al- Barbar, 43 – 60. More gen-
erally, see EI 2 , s.v. “al- Muwaḥḥidun” and “al- Murābiṭūn”; H. T. Norris, “New Ev-
idence on the Life of ‘Abdullāh b. Yasīn and the Origins of the Almoravid
Movement,” Journal of African History 12 , no. 2 ( 1971 ): 255 – 68 ; Vincent Lagardère,
Les Almoravides: Jusqu- au règne de Yūsuf b. Tāshf īn; idem, Les Almoravides: Le
Djihad Andalou ( 1106 – 1143 ); Jacinto Bosch Vilá, Los Almoravides; Ambrosio Hu-
ici Miranda, Historia política del imperio Almohade; and Fromherz, The Almohads.
80. On the defeat of the Zanāta by the Almoravids, see Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al-
‘ibar, VI: 198 and VII: 49.
81. Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 52 : “lam yazālū ‘alā ḥālihim mundhu
inqirāḍ zanāta al- awwalīn, wa- hum li- hadhā al- ‘ahd ahl maghārim wa- ‘askara ma‘a
al- duwal.”
82. Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 63.
83. There is a considerable body of literature debating the concept of the no-
mad in Ibn Khaldūn: Émile- Félix Gautier, La Passé de l’Afrique du Nord: Les
Siècles obscurs; Abdallah Laroui, L’Histoire du Maghreb: Un Essai de synthèse;
Jean Morizot, L’Aurès ou le myth de la montagne rebelle; Michael Brett, “Way of
the Nomad,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 58 , no. 2 ( 1995 ):
251 – 69 ; and Maya Shatzmiller, L’Historiographie mérinide, 132 : “Le ‘Ibar n’est
qu’un traitement plus complet du thème du mafākhir.”
84. EI 2 , s.v. “Tilimsān.” On the relationship between the Almohads and ‘Abd
al- Wādids, see Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VII: 74 , 174.
85. Shatzmiller, The Berbers and the Islamic State, 43 – 54 ; and Mohammed Kably,
Société, pouvoir et religion au Maroc à la fin de “Moyen- Âge.” More generally, see
Ahmed Khaneboubi, Les Premiers sultans mérinides et l’Islam ( 1269 – 1331 ).
86. Ibn Khaldūn, Kitāb al- ‘ibar, VI: 309 – 11 , cit. 310 – 11 : “The Almohads in-
spired an anxiety in [Abū Zakariyyā, the Ḥafṣid general] regarding the tyranny
(istibdād) of Yaghmurāsan and counseled him to create hostility between him and
the Zanāta princes of the Central Maghrib, to place obstacles in his plans, and to
adorn them [the other Zanāta princes] with the similar tokens of power (albāsahum
mā labisa min shārat al- sulṭān wa- ziyyihi).”
87. Robert Brunschvig, La Berbérie orientale sous les Ḥafṣides des origines à la
fin du XV siècle, I: 50 – 51 ; Charles- Emmanuel Dufourcq, L’Espagne catalane et le
Maghreb aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles: De la bataille de Las Navas de Tolosa ( 1212 )
à l’avènement du sultan mérinide Abou- l- Hazzan ( 1331 ), 101 – 104 ; and Ramzi