212 notes to pages 86–87
and ACA, R. 252 , fol. 121 r ( 18 Nov. 1295 ). See also ACA, CR, Jaume II, caixa 91 ,
no. 11093 ( 24 Mar. 1304 ), which is discussed in chapter 6.
65. ACA, Cartas árabes, 83 ( 14 Mar. 1323 ): “wa- amma al- naṣāra al- madhkūrūna
alladhīna ṭalabtum fa- lā yumkinu tawajīhuhum li- annahum lam tajari bihi al- ‘āda.”
See also ACA, Cartas árabes, 83 bis ( 14 Mar. 1323 ).
66. HEM, III: 66 – 85 ; and on the personal guard HEM, II: 122 – 130. See also Mo-
hamed Meouak, “Hiérarchie des fonctions militaire et corps d’armé en al- Andalus
Umayyade (IIe / VIIIe – IVe / Xe Siècles): Nomenclature et essai d’interprétation,”
Al- Qantara 14 , no. 2 ( 1993 ): 371 – 75 ; and Viguera Molíns, “La organización mili-
tar en al- Andalus.” See also Andrew Handler, “The ‘abīd Under the Umayyads
of Cordova and the Mulūk Al- ṭawā’if,” in Occident and Orient: A Tribute to the
Memory of Alexander Scheiber, ed. Robert Dán, 229 – 41.
67. Ibn Sa‘īd, al- Mughrib f ī ḥulā al- Maghrib, ed. Khalīl al- Manṣūr, I: 31 : “huwa
awwal man istakthara min al- ḥasham wa’l- ḥafad.” On the term ḥasham, see Meouak,
“Hiérarchie,” 371 – 72.
68. HEM, III: 71 – 76. Lévi- Provençal contends that al- Ḥakam’s predecessors,
‘Abd al- Raḥmān I ( 756 – 788 ) and Hishām I ( 788 – 796 ) also recruited foreign troops.
‘Abd al- Raḥmān I had a sizable personal guard of black African soldiers (‘irafat al-
sūd). Cf. Akhbār al- majmū‘a [Ajbar Machmuā. Crónica anoníma del siglo XI ], ed.
and trans. E. Lafuente y Alcántara, 109. See also Barton, “Traitors to the Faith?”
26 ; and François Clement, “Reverter et son fils, deux officiers catalans au service
des sultans de Marrakech,” Medieval Encounters 9 , no. 1 ( 2003 ): 80.
69. His name appears in several different forms of Ibn Ḥayyān’s Muqtabas and
is conventionally presumed to be Teodulfo.
70. HEM, I: 260 ; III: 73 – 74.
71. Ibn Ḥayyān, al- Muqtabas f ī ta’rīkh rijāl al- Andalus, ed. M. Martinez Antuña,
III: 94 , as cited in Meouak, “Hiérarchie,” 374.
72. Ibn Ḥayyān, al- Muqtabas, VII: 48 , 94 , 129 , 195 , and 196 , as cited in Meouak,
“Hiérarchie,” 374.
73. al- Maqqarī, Azhār al- riyāḍ f ī akhbār ‘Iyāḍ, ed. I. al- Abyārī, II: 287 , as cited
in Meouak, “Hiérarchie,” 375. A large bodyguard of African horsemen and foot
soldiers also participated in these investiture ceremonies. See HEM, III: 177.
74. Handler, “The ‘abid under the Umayyads,” argues that this period had a
negative impact on the fate of African slave soldiers.
75. Ibn ‘Idhārī, al- Bayān al- mughrib, IV: 32 : “wa- yarkab fa- yataqaddamuhu al-
‘abīd.” See also Viguera Molins, “Organización,” 28.
76. For the Umayyad period see J. M. Ruiz Asencio, “Rebeliones leonesas con-
tra Vermudo II,” Archivos Leoneses 23 ( 1969 ): 215 – 41. See also Simon Barton,
“Traitors to the Faith?” 26.
77. Richard Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid; and Simon Barton and Richard
Fletcher, eds., The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest.
78. Barton, “Traitors to the Faith?” 24 ; and Burns, “Renegades, Adventurers
and Sharp Businessmen,” 354.