220 notes to pages 95–98
- Jere L. Bacharach, “African Military Slaves in the Medieval Middle East:
The Cases of Iraq ( 869 – 955 ) and Egpyt ( 868 – 1171 ),” International Journal of Mid-
dle East Studies 13 , no. 4 ( 1981 ): 481. See also David Ayalon, “On the Eunuch in
Islam,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 1 ( 1979 ): 109 – 22. - Lev, “History of Black Military Slavery,” 31.
- Ayalon, “The Mamlūks of the Seljuks,” 321 ; and Meouak, “Slaves, noirs
et affranchise.” - Lev, “History of Black Military Slavery,” 30 – 32 ; and Zaki Mohamed Has-
san, Les Ṭūlūnides: Étude de l’Egypte musulmane à la fin du IXe siècle, 868 – 905 ,
165 – 168 , on the influence of the ‘Abbāsids. - Ibn Ṣaghīr, Akhbār al- a’imma al- rustumiyyīn in “La chronique d’Ibn Sa-
ghir sur les imam rustamides de Tahert,” ed. and trans. A. de C. Motylinski, 66 , 86 ,
98 , 102 , as cited in E. Savage, A Gateway to Hell, A Gateway to Paradise: The North
African Response to the Arabic Conquest, 101. - Golden, “Comitatus,” 7 ; idem., “Khazar Turkic Ghulams,” 283 ; Warren
Treagold, Byzantium and Its Army, 284 – 1081 , 110 , 115 ; Mark Whittow, The Mak-
ing of Byzantium, 600 – 1025 , 169 – 70 ; and Alexander P. Kazhdan, ed., The Oxford
Dictionary of Byzantium, II: 925 , s.v. “hetairai.” - al- Maqdisī, Kitāb al- bad’ wa’l- ta’rīkh, ed. Cl. Huart, IV: 68 , as cited in
Golden, “Khazar Turkic Ghulams in Caliphal Service,” 284 ; and Ibn Rusta, Kitāb
al- a‘lāq al- nafīsa, ed. M. J. De Goeje, 120 , 124. - See also Peter Blanchard, Under the Flags of Freedom: Slave Soldiers and
the Wars of Independence in Spanish South America. - Fernando Rodríguez Mediano, “Delegación de Asuntos Indígenas, S 2 N 2.
Gestón racial en el protectorado Español en Marruecos,” Awraq XX ( 1999 ): 173 –
206 ; Sebastian Balfour, Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish
Civil War; María Rosa de Madariaga, Los moros que trajo Franco: la intervención
de tropas coloniales en la guerra; José Antonio González Alcantud, ed., Marro-
quíes en la Guerra Civil española: campos equívocos; and Francisco Sánchez Ru-
ano, Islam y Guerra Civil Española: moros con Franco y la República. - “Un- Spanish Spaniard: Generalissimo Francisco Franco,” New York
Times (April 2 , 1959 ). - “Franco Disbands Moorish Guard as Anti- Moroccan Talk Mounts,” New
York Times (December 28 , 1957 ).
Chapter Five
- Muça Almentauri’s name appears numerous times in the chancery registers,
indicating that he was a prominent jenet. He was in the king’s service for at least
fifteen years; the earliest document to mention him dates from 1290 (ACA, R. 82 ,
fol. 164 v, a compensation for horses lost in battle) and the last that I encountered