The Mercenary Mediterranean_ Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon - Hussein Fancy

(Steven Felgate) #1

a sovereign crisis 43


openly prized and praised their Muslim archers — who specialized in using

the heavy “two- foot crossbow,” so called not because of its length but be-

cause archers used both feet to tense it.^24 Christian Aragonese soldiers, by

contrast, only employed a light crossbow. Relatedly, the Crown employed

Mudéjares for the purpose of weapon making. In 1280 , an engineer ( faber)

named Mahomet (Muḥammad) arrived at the court and so impressed the

king with his metalwork, in particular crossbow bolts (cairells), that the

king placed him in his private employ.^25 And in 1295 , the king called upon

the Mudéjares of Daroca and Calatayud to make weapons for his armies.^26

There is, however, no evidence of Mudéjar cavalry, a fact that may provide

an explanation for the need to recruit North African soldiers for this role.

Significantly, the Crown’s experience with Mudéjar soldiers was not

without problems. During al- Azraq’s second uprising, when the jenets

were attacking the lands of the Crown, King Jaume expressed anger and

surprise at the refusal of certain Mudéjares to come to his aid:

While we were in Valencia, the leader (alcait from Ar. al- qā’id) of Játiva came
to us with a large group of Saracens and about ten elders from the village. He
entered very happily and kissed my hand and asked how we were. And we
said, “Well by the grace of God, but that we are very distressed by the wrongs
al- Azraq has committed in [taking] our castles and marvel at your allowing it.”
[And he said:] “Lord, if it distresses you, know that it distresses us and causes
grief.” But they seemed happier and more content than we had ever seen them.
We thought that they would be distressed by the wrong al- Azraq had done us
and offer help, but none of them offered it.^27

Thus, while the Crown was willing to use its Mudéjar soldiers against

other Muslims, at least on this occasion, it found the Mudéjares unwill-

ing to serve. Eventually, both Jaume and his successor Pere agreed to

commute military service into a payment for several Mudéjar communi-

ties.^28 In 1277 , for instance, numerous Mudéjar villages in Aragon were

given the choice of serving in the army or paying to support the army.^29

Nevertheless, despite questions of their loyalty, with regard to the mili-

tary, the Aragonese kings ultimately treated their Mudéjar subjects just

as they did their Christian ones: they expected service in men or in kind,

which is to say that the Mudéjares were regarded as members of the

Crown’s feudal army.

Three important facts thus emerge from these crucial fragments be-

longing to the earliest registers. First, not all jenets were hostile to the
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