angesprochen werden, jedoch im Prinzip undatierbar und nur grob in diesen
Zeithorizont zu stellen sind.” Thomas notes without endorsement that some scholars
who assume a Pontic connection for the Hungarian tumuli have called them “Pit-
Grave-Kurgans.”
33 The similarities were detailed in Machnik 1991. On the Transcaucasian parallels,
and specifically on material assemblages found in Georgia, see Machnik 1991,
pp. 99–100: “Die hier gefundene Keramik unterscheidet sich deutlich von der
klassischen Kuro-Araks-Keramik, ist aber durch ihre Form, plastische Verzierung und
Technologie den typischen Gefässen des frühbronzezeitlichen donauländischen
Kulturkomplexes täuschend ähnlich.” The evidence comes especially from the
settlements and kurgan graves in Georgia. Machnik’s Tafel IV, on p. 100, compares
15 s.e. European and 18 south Caucasian forms. The material from Georgia, however,
is conventionally dated much earlier than its parallels in Transylvania and Hungary.
See also Thomas 2008, p. 350.
34 On the seal-stamp koineextending over this part of Eurasia see Younger 2009.
Younger’s observations were based on Early Stamp Seals in South-East Europe
(Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1984), a catalogue published by Hungarian scholar János
Makkay. Younger suggested that throughout the koineof southeastern Europe and
western Anatolia the stamps were used for impressing designs on cloth.
35 On the very informative excavations at Feudvar see Metzner-Nebelsick 2013,
pp. 333–334, and especially Teržan 2013, pp. 840–844. On Spišsky Štvrtok see
Harding 2000, p. 294, and Marková and Ilon 2013, p. 824. For initial conclusions
on Fidvár in Slovakia see Jozef Bátora et al.2012.
36 Bátora et al. 2012, p. 125.
37 At one cemetery, for example, thirteen graves yielded twenty-six bronze items of
personal adornment. See Thomas 2008, p. 75 and Tafel 17.
38 On the Füzesabony (or the eastern Hungarian and eastern Slovakian) aspect of this
see now Thomas 2008.
39 Kristiansen and Larsson 2005, p. 125. These authors (see their discussion of chrono -
logy on pp. 116–118) accept the carbon dating of 1628 BCfor the Thera eruption, and
their chronology is therefore a century higher than the chronology that I am following.
40 See Rotea et al. 2008. See also the same authors’ introductory statement at p. 7:
“During the Bronze Age, Transylvania was the most prolific metallurgical center
throughout temperate Europe both in terms of production and creation.” I have not
found reference to the Transylvanian mines in O’Brien 2015, and they do not appear
in his map (at Fig. 1.10, p. 33) showing distribution of known copper mining sites
in prehistoric Europe.
41 Fischl et al. 2013, p. 363.
42 Dietrich 2011.
43 Metzner-Nebelsick 2013, pp. 336–337:
Gezäumte Pferde als Reittier oder als Wagengespann bietet ähnlich wie das
Schwert eine Projektionsfläche von Habitus-konzepten kompetitiver Krie -
gereliten und es mag kaum verwundern, dass gerade die Knebel des Zaumzeugs
als Bildträger der viel zitierten Adaptionen eines ursprünglich mit dem
schachtgräberzeitlichen Griechenland verbundenen Repräsentationsstil der
Wellenbandornamentik assoziiert sind.44 Kuznetsov 2006.
45 Bobomulloev 1997; Parpola 2004–2005, p. 4.
46 For his dissertation at Heidelberg University, under the direction of Vladimir Milojic,
Hüttel catalogued, classified and illustrated all of the known Bronze Age bits from
this region. Hüttel’s dissertation, finished in December of 1974, came to the attention
of Hermann Müller-Karpe, editor of the prestigious Prähistorische Bronzefunde
Militarism in temperate Europe 169