79 Vulpe 1970, p. 69.
80 See Fig. 1 in Furmánek, Mišík, and Tóth 2013.
81 For the Iorcani axe see Tencariu et al. 2014. The axe was discovered by a farmer in
the early 1950s and for years saw service as a household tool, which obscured some
of the decoration. In 2012 it was donated to the local museum and there came to the
attention of Felix-Adrian Tencariu and his colleagues. The discoverer’s family
recalled that the axe had been found between two springs at the base of the Iorcani
Hill. At p. 126 Tencariu et al. speculate that it had been placed between the springs
as a votive deposit.
82 Osgood, in Osgood and Monks 2000, p. 78 and Harding 2007, pp. 78–79, believe
that the axe was seldom used as a weapon in Bronze Age Europe.
83 Tencariu et al. 2014, p. 129.
84 Thomas 2008, p. 15: In addition to the novel fascination with Wellenband decoration
and curvilinear incision,
ist auch das Erscheinen charakteristischer Hortfunde mit prunkvoll im Spiralstil
verziert und qualitativ sehr hochwertigen Waffen bisher unbekannten Typs
(Kurzschwerter, Lanzen), ausserdem das Errichten schwer befestigter, fast
städttischer Siedlungen mit Lehmziegelmauern und rechtwinklig angelegtem
Strassennetz, die als Sitz der Bronzemetallurgie und zugleich als Sitz einer neu
herausgebildeten gesellschaftlichen Oberschicht dienen.
85 See Leshtakov 2011, p. 46: “The previously mentioned mould from Feudvar in Serbia
shows that the idea for such spearheads can be traced back to the EBA/MBA
transition according to the central European relative chronology (Vasic 2001, 96) or
approximately 18th—16th- centuries BC.” See also Teržan 2013, p. 844.
86 Říhovský1996, p. 11, had doubts about the copper object (Nr. 88) from Holešov in
northeastern Moravia. “Die älteste sichere Lanzenspitze im Arbeitsgebiet ist also erst
in der jüngeren Phase der Altbronzezeitin der klassischen bis späten Stufe der
Aunjetitzer Kultur zu verzeichnen (Nr. 1).” The italics are Říhovský’s.
87 Harding 2007, pp. 77–78.
88 Leshtakov 2011.
89 Říhovský1996, p. 1.
90 Mödlinger et al. 2013, p. 22.
91 On the Ha A1 dates of these six shields see Uckelmann 2012, pp. 19–20. See also
Uckelmann 2011a, p. 190:
The Type Lommelev-Nyírtura includes only one complete shield from the
eponymous find site of Lommelev Mose on Falster, Denmark (Fig. 2) and
fragments of shields from five hoards located in the Carpathian Basin. These
finds have a central role in the dating of the shields, because they can be dated
through their associated finds to the earlier Urnfield period (ältere Urnenfelder -
zeit, Bz D / Ha A1) or the 13th century BC, which makes them the oldest bronze
shields so far in Europe.
92 Uckelmann 2011a, p. 197.
93 Dickinson 1999b, p. 102, argues otherwise:
Further, I find this whole notion that a relatively small group would have been
able to impose themselves as rulers over a considerably larger population, in
the conditions of the ancient world, hard to swallow.
But this happened often in the ancient world, even in places where militarism was
long established. As Dickinson knows better than I do, the Romans conquered half
of Britain—where inter-tribal warfare had not been uncommon—with only four legions
and auxiliaries. Conquest of a population that was essentially demilitarized—or172 Militarism in temperate Europe