135 See the map at Neumann 2009, Abb. 4, showing find-spots of the Sauerbrunn and
Boiu-Keszthely swords (including the nineteen found at Olmo di Nogara).
136 Foltiny 1964, p. 249.
137 Foltiny 1964, p. 250.
138 See Neumann 2009, p. 106: “Die Schwerter mit voll entwickelter Griffzunge vom
Typ Boiu IIb-c und die Ziergruppe 2 können dann schwerpunktmässig in Bz C2 gesetzt
werden.”
139 Foltiny 1964, pp. 251–252.
140 Jung and Mehofer 2005–2006, p. 126, discuss a Cetona type sword from Olmo di
Nogara and conclude that “not only chronologically, but also typologically it stands
at the beginning of Naue II sword production on the Appennine peninsula.”
141 Bietti Sestieri et al. 2013, p. 162.
142 Toms 2000, p. 101.
143 Toms 2000, Fig. 5.6.
144 Woytowitsch 1978, pp. 117–119; see his Tafeln 52–54 for drawings of the Italian
Stangenknebel, most of which are undecorated. See also Hüttel 1981, pp. 182–186,
“Anhang II: Bronzezeitliche Geweihtrensenknebel in Italien,” and his Tafeln 39–41.
145 On this see Pearce 1998. Pigorini saw similarities between Terremare and Hungarian
artifacts and attributed them to a migration of Indo-Europeans into Italy from central
Europe. Pigorini’s “Terremare theory” stood up fairly well until the publication of
Säflund’s Le Terremarein 1939. Pearce remarks that although Säflund “rubbished
Pigorini comprehensively,” research since the Second World War has tended to
rehabilitate Pigorini’s work.
146 Woytowitsch 1978, p. 117: “Trensenknebel aus Holz, Knochen oder Hirschgeweih
können nur annähernd in die mittlere Bronzezeit datiert werden.”
147 Hüttel 1981, pp. 183–184.
148 Woytowitsch 1978, Anhang II (pp. 111–116), “Schmuckräder” with Tafeln 50–51.
149 Cardarelli 2009, p. 452.
150 Salzani 2005, p. 299.
151 Well covered in Meid 1994, pp. 58–62. Anthony 2007, pp. 33–36, has a good
discussion of kwekwlosand rot-eh, the two PIE words for “wheel.”
152 In Woytowitsch 1978 these are nos. 261–272.
153 Crouwel 2012, p. 100, suggests a date in the 3rd millennium BC.
154 Woytowitsch 1978, p. 103, with reference to Anati’s Camonica Valley; A Depiction
of Village Life in the Alps from Neolithic Times to the Birth of Christ, as Revealed
by Thousands of Newly Found Rock Carvings(New York: Knopf, 1961), pp. 50 and
114.
155 In Woytowitsch 1978, the disk wheels are nos. 1 and 2, and the cross-bar wheel is
no. 3. As a date for the Mercurago cross-bar wheel Woytowitsch suggested (p. 29)
“vermutlich Spätbronzezeit/Früheisenzeit.” Woytowitsch noted (p. 27) that amber was
reported from the same level as the Castione dei Marchesi disk wheel. On the basis
of similarities to disk wheels north of the Alps he suggested a date “zwischen älterer
und mittlerer Bronzezeit.” Crouwel 2012, p. 101, agreed that “[t]he first material
remains of carts or wagons in Italy consist of single wheels of the disk and cross-bar
types which survived from lake sites of the Terramara culture. They date from the
Middle and Late Bronze Age (c. 1700–1000).” See also Harding 2000, p. 165.
Militarism in temperate Europe 175