many years ago there is a close relationship with two spear heads from Prosymna.
But, as to my knowledge, no list assembling the existing specimens has been
published and no closer analysis has been made. Judging merely from drawings
the Trialeti pieces might be taken to be true imports.
For the Prosymna spearheads see Avila 1983, nos. 75 and 76.
14 The “virtual identity of the two objects” was observed by Rubinson 1977, pp. 246–247.
For illustration of the Mycenaean kettle see Catling 1964, Fig. 18, no. 5. For the Trialeti
kettle see Abramishvili 2010, p. 170, Fig. 2.8; and Kushnareva 1997, p. 96, Fig. 37,
no. 15.
15 Catling 1964, p. 187, conceded that “metal vessels in Crete are extremely rare before
the end of MM III,” but pointed out that at the transition from MM III to LM I “quite
a wide repertory of forms was in circulation,” suggesting that Cretan metalworkers
had mastered the techniques of manufacturing such things. That was not the case in
MH Greece: “The earlier history of metal-working in Greece is not such as to suggest
that our vessels could have originated there; their origin must be sought in Crete.”
16 In personal correspondence (March 21 and 22, 2016) about the Kurgan XV kettle Karen
Rubinson writes that this kettle is unique in southern Caucasia, but also notes that “there
are a lot of cauldrons in burials in the South Caucasus generally, so certainly it could
have had a SC origin.”
17 Rubinson 1991, p. 284. See also Abramishvili 2010, p. 173.
18 Rubinson 1977, p. 247, but the author informs me that now she would probably date
Kurgan XV no later than ca. 1700 BC.
19 Badalyan, Avetisyan and Smith 2009, p. 68.
20 Abramishvili 2010, p. 170, at Fig. 2.8 puts the date of Kurgan XV “ca. first quarter of
2nd mill. BC.” See also Badalyan, Avetisyan and Smith 2009, p. 56.
21 Piggott 1983, pp. 96–97; for an in situspecimen see Pogrebova 2003, p. 397–398: In
a grave at Lchashen “a bronze model was found at the juncture of the pole and the
yoke.”
22 Pogrebova 2003, p. 397.
23 For a description and illustration of the models see Pogrebova 2003, pp. 398–400, with
Figs. 2 and 3.
24 Gomelauri 2008, pp. 365–366:
These rattles functioned as standards fastened to chariots, and are found in great
variety in graves of the Lchashen-Tsitelgori culture where funerary rites involving
chariots are attested. Nearly identical figurines are found throughout
geographically distant regions, such as Berikldeebi and Atsarat, Tsitelgori and
Mezamor, Sasireti and Artik. This suggests a centralized manufacturing centre
supplying a widespread “tribal” aristocracy.25 See Smith 2005, p. 263, Fig. 7.
26 See the map at Penner 1998, Tafel 60.
27 Kushnareva 1997, p. 110.
28 See Kushnareva 1997, p. 215: “Ceremonial spearheads found at Trialeti, Kirovakan,
Meskheti, and Boshuri, have direct analogues in Syria at Ras Shamra I, at Mycenae
in Shaft Grave IV, and in Troy IV (sic), where they date to 1700–1500 B.C.” For
illustrations see her Fig. 39, nos. 3, 4, 7 and 8, all from MB cemeteries in Georgia.
See also Hiller 1991, pp. 212–213 with Plate LXVII b.
29 See Simonyan 2012.
30 Pogrebova 2003 and Sultanishvili 2008. Bendukidze 2010 deals mostly with onagers.
31 Manaseryan and Mirzoyan 2013, pp. 136–137:
Horse: Equus caballus. When making the description and interpretation of horse
bone remains, it is necessary to indicate first that they go back to the end of theThe question of origins 231