17 The quotation comes from p. 6 of Melchert forthcoming.
18 Melchert forthcoming, p. 7. Anthony and Ringe 2015, p. 208, also imagine a Proto-
Anatolian migration ca. 4000 BC, from the steppe into the Balkans, and thence into
Anatolia.
19 Darden 2001, p. 204, noted that “[t]here is a complex of reconstructed words that are
PIE but not demonstrably PIH and that deal with wheels and wheeled vehicles.” Darden
therefore (p. 208) took “the appearance of wheeled vehicles as a terminus ante quem
for the division of PIH into PIE and PA.”
20 On this site see Rosenberg and Erim-Özdoğan 2011, pp. 126–131.
21 Rosenberg and Erim-Özdoğan 2011, p. 128.
22 On Shillourokambos and six other Aceramic Neolithic sites in Cyprus, the earliest dating
to the 9th millennium BC, see Colledge and Conolly 2007, and especially their Chapter
4: “A Review and Synthesis of the Evidence for the Origins of Farming on Cyprus
and Crete,” pp. 53–74.
23 Özbaşaran 2011, p. 106.
24 See Özbaşaran 2011, p. 101 (with Fig. 5.1) and p. 119.
25 See Çakırlar 2012. Çakırlar, a zooarchaeologist, concluded that the four food animals
were brought to Ulucak simultaneously at the beginning of the 7th millennium BC.
She also concluded that beef was eaten as often as sheep and goat meat.
26 Özdoğan 2011, p. S422.
27 Broodbank and Strasser 1991. Limited excavation in 1 997 confirmed a date in the
Aceramic Neolithic: see Efstratiou et al. 2004.
28 Broodbank and Strasser 1991, p. 241.
29 The earliest levels at Argissa contained bones of many sheep and a few other
domesticated animals: ovicaprids accounted for about 85 percent of the bones, pigs
for 10 percent, and cattle for 5 percent. The site was once considered to have been
established in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic but that date should be lowered. See Reingruber
- Reingruber concluded that Argissa and other Early Neolithic sites on the Greek
mainland were connected to western Anatolia entirely by sea routes.
30 According to Perlès 2001, p. 151, “Thessaly was unique in offering the rare opportunity
to spread over a ‘two-dimensional network’ over a wide area... This in turn created
unique conditions: each village was within sight of several others.”
31 Demetrios Theocharis, who re-excavated the Sesklo site in the 1950s, estimated the
population as 3000 or 4000, but that has been scaled down drastically.
32 For the pottery found at Ilindentsi see Vieugué 2014.
33 On Kovachevo see Lichardus-Itten et al.2002. At p. 131 the authors suggest that there
were:
numerous and successive direct relations between Asia Minor and the European
continent. To see a region covering northern Greece and south-west Bulgaria as
belonging to the same cultural entity as far back as the Early Neolithic, and not
just in the Middle Neolithic, is indeed convincingly logical.
34 See especially Özdoğan 2011 p. S427:
What is clear is the fact that it was a dynamic era, and there was motivation to
move or to migrate that was not common in other periods. What is also clear at
this stage is the sustained relationship between the newly settled areas and the
original homeland. I find this continuing connection to be extremely significant
in understanding the mode of Neolithic expansion... [F]rom the earliest stage
of the Pottery Neolithic up to the so-called Vinča period in the Balkans, there is
an apparent parallelism in the primary cultural traits between Anatolia and the
Balkans that is defined by Garaşanin as the ‘Balkano-Anatolian culture complex’
(Garaşanin 2000). This implies that moving groups somehow sustained contactOrigins and spread of Proto-Indo-European 23