77 See Piggott 1983, p. 21, for the “bent yew framework of the arched tilt” on a Late
Bronze Age wagon excavated at Lchashen in Armenia. This kind of covering is
probably also what the Biblical writer (Numbers 7: 1–5) had in mind when he has the
chiefs of Israel bringing to Moses twelve oxen and six covered wagons for service in
the cult of Yahweh.
78 On the wheels of the well-preserved Lake Sevan wagons see Piggott 1983, pp. 72–73.
79 On the practice see Jeunesse 2006.
80 On the Dnieper-Donets culture see Mallory 1989, pp. 190–191; Anthony 2007,
pp. 174–182; and Dolukhanov et al. 2009.
81 Witzel 2003, p. 50.
82 See Mallory and Mair 2000.
83 It has long been thought, on archaeological grounds, that the Proto-Baltic language
was brought to the Baltic in the 3rd millennium BC. In The BaltsGimbutas put the
arrival of Indo-Europeans in Baltic lands soon after 2200 BC, and she identified them
with the Corded Ware culture (see Gimbutas 1963a, pp. 38–44). On the basis of water
names Balode and Holvoet 2001, p. 44, suggest that a Finno-Ugrian language was once
spoken in Lithuania, but faded when people of the Corded Ware culture began arriving.
These were probably Indo-Europeans, but it is not clear whether they were Balts.
The next migration wave, associated with the Hatched Pottery Culture, was
certainly Baltic. It extended over a large area, stretching from the river Daugava
in the North to the Pripet in the South, and the upper reaches of the Volga and
the Oka in the East.
84 Mallory 1989, p. 84.
85 Schmid 1972.
86 Haak et al. 2015; Allentoft et al. 2015.
87 What the geneticists call the Yamna (or Yamnaya) culture apparently also includes the
pastoral population that early in the 3rd millennium BClived in the eastern region of
the Corded Ware archaeological culture, which stretched as far east as Nizhny
Novgorod, 250 miles east of Moscow. For the assumed derivation of the eastern Corded
Ware population from the Yamna population see Fig.1 in Allentoft et al. 2015.
88 On the concurrence in lands along the Baltic (and especially in Estonia) of animal
domestication and the Corded Ware culture see Lōugas, Kriiska and Maldre 2007.
89 Haak et al. 2015, Fig. 3. For somewhat different results see Allentoft et al. 2015, Fig. 2.
90 Lōugas, Kriiska, and Maldre 2007, p. 22.
91 On the transition from the sedentary Kura-Araxes culture of south Caucasia to the
pastoral Early Kurgan and Trialeti cultures see Smith 2005, pp. 260–261, and Kohl
2007, pp. 113–120. By ca. 2300 BCthe same kind of wagons in use north of the Caucasus
began to appear in kurgan burials in south Caucasia, although far fewer have been found
in the south than in the north.
92 See Kushnareva 1997, p. 82.
Origins and spread of Proto-Indo-European 27