Indian warriors (Sioux, Comanche, Apache) riding horses in battle, had been important
for the argument that the domesticated horse transformed Neolithic society north of
the Black Sea.
16 Anthony 2007, p. 340.
17 Anthony 2007, p. 344.
18 Kortlandt 2010, p. 3.
19 Fortson 2004, p. 42.
20 See Fortson 2004, pp. 43–44:
[T]he archaeological prehistory of all the European IE groups is quite murky. But
in the period 3100–2900 BCcame a clear and dramatic infusion of Yamna cultural
practices, including burials, into eastern Hungary and along the lower Danube.
With this we seem able to witness the beginnings of the Indo-Europeanization of
Europe.21 Fortson 2004, p. 43.
22 Anthony 2007, p. 217, puts the percentage at 99.9 percent.
23 Levine 2005, p. 14.
24 Outram et al. 2009.
25 On Dereivka see Levine 1990, pp. 727–740; Drews 2004, pp. 12–15; Anthony 2007,
pp. 205–206.
26 For the advantages of the horse over the other domesticates, especially in snowy winters,
see Kelekna 2009, pp. 39–40.
27 Anthony 2007, pp. 184–185.
28 Sherratt 1981 and Sherratt 1983.
29 In his “Transport in Ancient Egypt” Robert Partridge writes, “It is a curious fact that
one of the greatest civilizations in the world flourished without the use of wheeled
vehicles until the introduction of the chariot relatively late in Egyptian history.” See
Partridge 2010, p. 380.
30 Rossel et al. 2008, p. 3719: The study showed that the Abydos animals had close skeletal
similarities to the Nubian wild ass, indicating an early stage of evolution.
But the context of and the skeletal pathologies on the Abydos animals are
consistent with confinement and prolonged use for heavy transport. All Abydos
long bones show abrasion of cartilage, osteophyte formation along the margins
of the articulate surfaces, and scouring of the joint surface consistent with wear
resulting from transport of heavy loads.
31 Epstein 1985, p. 59 and Figs. 9, 10 and 11.
32 Bendukidze 2010.
33 On this see Way 2010. This article is a summary of Way’s doctoral dissertation (2006)
at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati.
34 On PIE *ékwo-see Sergent 1995, p. 174: “On a reconnu dans son nom une épithète,
‘le rapide.’”
35 Anthony 2007, p. 221: “Over the long term it would have been very difficult to manage
horse herds without riding them.” For other scholars’ assumption that domesticated
horses needed a mounted herder see Drews 2004, pp. 20–24.
36 Gimbutas 1970, p. 158.
37 Anthony 2007, pp. 206–213 and p. 220.
38 See Frachetti and Benecke 2009, and especially the authors’ generalization at pp.
1025–1026:
Significantly, faunal data from Begash contradict the notion that the emergence
of Eurasian pastoralism was sparked by the rapid domestication and riding of the
horse. In the eastern steppe, at least, horse use seems to commence gradually and
is not highly associated with early and middle Bronze Age pastoralists. Instead,
The Kurgan theory and taming of horses 51