2006, pp. 643–644, on the basis of seventeen radiocarbon dates of chariot burials in
the southern Urals: The emergence of chariots “dates at latest from the second half of
the twentieth century BCEand the chariot burial rite of Potapovo-Sintashta type
continued to flourish at least until the beginning of the eighteenth century BCE.”
69 Anthony 2007, p. 372.
70 Littauer and Crouwel 2001, pp. 329–330, describing the similarly studded “Hyksos”
bits used for paired draft in the Near East until ca. 1400 BC.
71 Jones-Bley 2000.
72 For steam-bending in ancient Egypt see Herold 2004, pp. 133 ff. (“Bugholzkunst am
Nil”).
73 O’Collins 2013. The television program, “Building Pharaoh’s Chariot,” aired on
February 6, 2013.
74 Bobomulloev 1997. See also Parpola 2004–2005, p. 4.
75 For a long time Aegeanists could only guess at the utility of these disk-shaped objects.
See, for example, Alan Wace’s “A Mycenaean Mystery” (Wace 1960).
76 For maps showing distribution of disk-shaped and studded cheekpieces carved from
bone or antler see Hüttel 1981, Taf. 24 and 26A; Penner 1998, Tafeln 15, 16 and 17;
Boroffka 1998, Abb. 12–17; Priakhin and Besedin 1999, Fig. 1, and Kohl 2007 Fig.
4.9 (p. 145). See also Kuz’mina 2007, pp. 115–116. On Kohl’s map (adapted from a
1999 map made by Mike Teufer) and Priakhin and Besedin’s map note the many find-
spots of Scheibenknebelon the upper Don.
77 On the SM cemetery at Sintashta see Anthony 2007, pp. 372–373.
78 Drews 1988, Figs. 6 and 7, reproducing the drawings in Littauer and Crouwel, 1979,
Figs. 28 and 29.
79 On the date of Level II of the karumand on the “wealth of impressions of Old Assyrian
cylinder seals” found at the site see Veenhof and Eidem 2008, p. 20.
80 Moorey 1986, p. 198.
81 Drews 1988, p. 99.
82 For J. R. Kupper’s translation of the text see Drews 2004, pp. 48–49.
83 On the role of the hunter in Neolithic and Bronze Age societies see Hamilakis 2003.
84 On the finding of lion bones in Greece see Thomas 2004, p. 162:
Since 1978, the remains of Panthera leo have been found on nine mainland or
island sites in contexts dating from the Late Neolithic through the Archaic periods.
These finds, together with the newly published lion bones from nineteen
Balkan/Ukrainian sites of Neolithic to Iron Age date, document the presence of
the lion in the Balkan peninsula from the 5th to the 1st millennium B.C. These
bones, which redirect us from artistic imagination to real-life experience, have
barely begun to be incorporated into Mycenaean lion studies.85 Thomas 1999, p. 305: “[H]unter was the most popular masculine power metaphor in
all Late Helladic art.”
86 Littauer and Crouwel 1979, p. 63 and Fig. 36.
87 For illustration see Epimachov and Korjakova 2004, p. 225, Abb. 5.
88 Pogrebova 2003, Figs. 2 and 3.
89 For discussion of the date of the Gordion altar see Drews 2004, p. 68.
90 Drews 2004, pp. 65–67, with Figs. 4.1 and 4.2.
91 For details see Drews 2004, pp. 83–98, with Figs. 4.6–4.11.
92 Hüttel 1981, p. 191.
93 See Littauer and Crouwel 2001, Fig. 1, for an illustration of the bronze bit found at
Tel Haror. This bit, excavated by Eliezer Oren and published in 1997, came from an
equid burial dating to the MB IIB period, and so is the earliest known metal bit. It was
found in place on the skull of a donkey (the skeleton of a second donkey was found
nearby, suggesting the burial of a paired draft team).
54 The Kurgan theory and taming of horses