32 Hobart
evidence about the role Muslims have played on Sardinia.87 A survey is now
available of all prior discoveries, together with coins and seals.88 Fortuitous
finds, hoards, and excavations have permitted the unprecedented dating
of coins.
Medieval documents start appearing only in the eleventh century, when
the maritime republics began negotiating with Sardinia’s giudicati; a large re-
cord was produced, much of which survives in Pisa. The interconnectivity of
important centers in the Mediterranean is reflected in these administrative
documents, which describe how the four giudicati collaborated with foreign
interests to maintain safe harbors and augment infrastructure. They also list
properties, rights, and contractual exchanges by institutions, such as the Pisan
Opera of Santa Maria, and news about initiatives of families like the Visconti,
the Massa, and the della Gherardesca. Further, they record economic relations
with North Africa and Spain (particularly the Aragonese and Catalan king-
doms), as well as Genoa,89 southern Italy, and Sicily.90
The condaghe, also called carta de logu (the word logu can refer to the law
of the land or place), had a monastic origin and were the registry of eccle-
siastical property.91 These records, which come from four monasteries, have
87 Giuseppe Contu, “Sardinia in Arabic Sources,” AnnalSS 3 (2003), pp. 287–297; Piero Fois,
“I musulmani nel Mediterraneo nel IX secolo: un affare economico svantaggioso? La tes-
timonianza delle fonti arabe,” in Interscambi socio-culturali ed economici fra le città mari-
nare d’Italia e l’Occidente dagli osservatori mediterranei, eds Bruno Figliuolo and Pinuccia
Franca Simbula (Amalfi, 2014), pp. 259–271.
88 Fabio Pinna, “Le testimonianze archeologiche relative ai rapporti tra gli Arabi e la
Sardegna nel medioevo,” in Rivista dell’Istituto di Storia dell’Europa Mediterranea 4 (2010),
pp. 11–37. For Muslim and Byzantine seals, see Pier Giorgio Spanu and Raimondo Zucca,
I sigilli bizantini della ΣΑΡΔΗΝΙΑ (Rome, 2004); Giovanni Oman, “Vestiges arabes en
Sardaigne,” Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée 8 (1970), pp. 175–184.
89 Obertus, Annali Genovesi di Caffaro e de’suoi continuatori dal MXCIX al MCCXCII, ed. Luigi
Tommaso Belgrano (Genoa, 1890); Gabriella Airaldi, Le carte di Santa Maria delle Vigne di
Genova (1103–1392). Collana storica di fonti e studi (Genoa, 1969).
90 In English: Tangheroni, “Sardinia and Italy,” pp. 120–132; Abulafia, “Southern Italy, Sicily
and Sardinia” Bruce, “The Politics of Violence and Trade” pp. 127–142; John Day, The
Medieval Market Economy (Oxford, 1987); and in Italian: Francesco Artizzu, Documenti
inediti relative ai rapporti economici tra la Sardegna e Pisa nel Medioevo, 2 vols (Padua,
1961–1962); Francesco Artizzu, La Sardegna pisana e genovese (Sassari, 1985); Francesco
Artizzu, L’Opera di Santa Maria di Pisa e la Sardegna (Padua, 1974); Francesco Artizzu,
Società e istituzioni nella Sardegna Medievale (Cagliari, 1995).
91 Marco Tangheroni, “La Carta de Logu del Regno giudicale di Calari. Prima trascrizione,”
Medioevo. Saggi e Rassegne 19 (1994), pp. 29–37. On the origin of the word “condaghe” and
how it became charged by inheriting the role of “histories of Foundation” see Raimondo