Crusades and Crusaders in Medieval Greece 57
proclamations. Furthermore, extensive fund-raising on behalf of Frankish
Greece was initiated in the West in the 1230s.101 With regard to crusading privi-
leges, such as papal protection for the crusaders, their families and their pos-
sessions, the first references can be found under Honorius iii but they were
generalised by Gregory ix.102 The same pope was the one who, in his effort to
raise an adequate number of recruits for the Latin Empire, not only allowed
the commutation of crusade vows but effectively ordered many crusaders
from Hungary and France to change their destination from the Holy Land to
Constantinople.103 Therefore, the whole arsenal of crusade mechanisms had
been rolled out in Romania by the middle of the 13th century, and was at the
disposal of Pope Innocent iv when he launched a Europe-wide call for the Latin
Empire at the First Council of Lyon in 1245, and of Urban iv when he urged for
another campaign following the Byzantine recovery of Constantinople in 1261.
As the 13th century progressed, in Romania, as in other fronts, crusade indul-
gences were extended also to those who made financial contributions, besides
those who physically took part in the campaigns; larger numbers of non-
combatants were given the opportunity to share in the remission of sins (and
a considerable source of revenue was created for the expeditions) through the
practice of allowing even those who were unable to fight, to take the cross and
then redeem it for a sum corresponding to their means. Limited indulgences
were also given to the audience of crusade sermons more and more frequently,
to boost participation.104
It is noteworthy that the indulgences granted against the Turks in the 1320s
and the 1330s were limited; for example, the participants in the defence of the
Zaccaria domain of Chios would receive the remission of sins only in case of
death in combat.105 By contrast, the plenary indulgence to all participants had
routinely been granted to crusades against the Byzantines throughout the
13th and into the 14th century,106 or even for Gauthier of Brienne’s campaign
against the Catalans only a few years earlier.107 It would appear that, at this
101 Lucien Auvray, ed., Les Registres de Grégoire ix, befar, 4 vols. (Paris, 1896–1955), nos. 657,
1957, 3395, 4605–06; see below for a more extensive discussion of funding.
102 Pressutti, Regesta Honorii, no. 4704; Auvray, Registres, nos. 3395–96.
103 See Chrissis, “Diversion”.
104 Christoph T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the
Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), esp. pp. 135–60.
105 Mollat, Jean xxii, nos. 16977, 22117; Gatto, “Per la storia di Martino Zaccaria,” 344–45; Carr,
“Motivations and Response,” pp. 274–75.
106 For example, for the expeditions of Charles of Valois and Philip of Taranto: Grandjean,
Registre, no. 1007; Regestum Clementis, nos. 247, 7893.
107 Rubio y Lluch, Diplomatari de l’Orient català, no. 150 (14 June 1330).