Japan and Caucasian Émigré Forces Ë 143
Fig. 6.1.A banquet of representatives of the Promethean movement in Paris, probably on the occa-
sion of the signing of a pact on the Caucasian Confederation in July 1934.
- also stimulated émigré activities among the Caucasians. The rise of a man whose
declared enemy was Bolshevism did not fail to raise the hopes of émigrés. Indeed, in
1933 Spiridon Kedia, Shalva Karumidze, Mikheil Tsereteli, and other rightists orga-
nized the “Union of Georgian Nationalists in Germany.”⁶⁰Yet Germany did not take
the Caucasus question seriously until late 1936.
Meanwhile, the acceptance by the League of Nations of the Soviet Union as a mem-
ber in September 1934 and the death of Józef Piłsudski, patron of the Promethean
movement, in 1935 gave impetus to uni cation eorts among the Caucasian émigrés. A
pact for a Caucasian Confederation was signed by representatives of the Promethean
movement in July 1934. In 1935, the Committee for the Independence of the Caucasus
was reconstituted as the Council of Caucasian Confederation.⁶¹Yet, like its predeces-
sor, this council was unable to unite the anti-Bolshevik forces, with many rightists
staying away.
60 Mamoulia,Les combats indépendandistes des Caucasiens entre URSS et puissances occidentales,
154–55.
61 Mamoulia,Les combats indépendandistes des Caucasiens, 147.