70 Ë A Lull
Fig. 3.2.Peter Surguladze.
Magalashvili, and others.⁷⁵In 1913 the committee began publishingFree Georgia.⁷⁶
During World War I this committee was transformed into a Committee for the Libera-
tion of Georgia with Germany’s support.
Among Muslims in the Caucasus, non-national, pan-Islamic ideas still predom-
inated. In certain areas, however, they evolved into more articulate national senti-
ments. The Russian government suspected that “pan-Islam had succeeded in planting
‘fanatical hatred towards the Russians’ in the hearts of natives; they were asking for
‘Daghestan [Dagestan] for the Daghestanis [Dagestanis]’.”⁷⁷In 1911, Mammad Amin
Rasulzade (Mehmet Emin Resulzade) and other formerly Social Democratic Azeri in-
75 Nozadze, “gardasrul zhamta ambavni da sakmeni,” 121.
76 GSCHA, f. 94, op. 1, d. 695, l. 1ob.
77 Mostashari,On the Religious Frontier, 144.