Mothers and Children. Jewish Family Life in Medieval Europe - Elisheva Baumgarten

NOTES

Notes to Introduction

1. Abelard explains that he is quoting Héloise herself. Recently, Gadi Algazi has suggested that
   this passage describes Héloise’s circumstances and not Abelard’s: “Abelard, Héloise and Astralabe,”
   in Women, Children and the Elderly: Essays in Honour of Shulamith Shah·ar, eds. Miriam Eliav-
   Feldon and Yitzhak Hen (Jerusalem, 2001), 85–98.


2. Peter Abelard, The Letters of Abelard and Héloise, trans. Betty Radice (Hammondsworth,
   1974), 71.


3. The separation of boys from the female sphere is described in Ivan Marcus, Rituals of Child-
   hood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe(New Haven and London, 1996), 75–78.


4. For example: Clarissa Atkinson, The Oldest Vocation: Christian Motherhood in the Middle
   Ages(Ithaca, N.Y. and London, 1991), 6–7.


5. Examples are multiple, and this is true not just of remarks in passing but also in studies fo-
   cusing on the Jewish family. For example: Solomon Schechter, “The Child in Jewish Literature,”
   Studies in Judaism(Philadelphia, 1896), 1:282–312; William Moses Feldman, The Jewish Child:
   Its History, Folklore, Biology and Sociology(London, 1917); Franz Kobler, Her Children Call Her
   Blessed: A Portrait of the Jewish Mother(New York, 1955); Rachel Monika Herweg, Die jüdische
   Mutter. Das verborgene Matriarchat(Darmstadt, 1994).


6. (Paris, 1960).


7. Barbara Hanawalt, “Medievalists and the Study of Childhood.” Speculum77(2002):440–60.


8. For example: Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800(New
   York, 1977); Lloyd de Mause, “The Evolution of Childhood,” The History of Childhood(New York,
   1974), 1–73.


9. Shulamith Shah·ar, Childhood in the Middle Ages(London and New York, 1990); Barbara
   Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England(New York, 1986); Danièle
   Alexandre-Bidon et Monique Closson, L’enfant à l’ombre des cathédrales(Lyon and Paris, 1985);
   Pierre Riché et Danièle Alexandre-Bidon, L’Enfance au Moyen Age(Paris, 1994); Didier Lett,
   L’enfant des miracles. Enfance et société au Moyen Age (XIIe–XIIIe siècle)(Paris, 1997); James
   Schultz, The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages, 1100–1350(Philadelphia,
   1995); Nicholas Orme, Medieval Children(New Haven, 2001) and for modern times: Linda A.
   Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations 1500–1900(Cambridge and New York,
   1983).


10. Elisabeth Badinter, L’Amour en plus: L’histoire de l’amour maternel (XVIIe–XXe siècle)
    (Paris, 1980).


11. For a survey of the early research: Etienne van de Walle, “Recent Approaches to Past Child-
    hoods,” in The Family in History: Interdisciplinary Essays, eds. Theodore K. Rabb and Robert I.
    Rothberg (New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, and London, 1973), 171–78, and more recently
    the articles in the volume: Cathy Jorgenson Itnyre (ed.), Medieval Family Roles: A Book of Essays
    (New York, 1996).


12. Clarissa Atkinson, The Oldest Vocation; Mary Dockray-Miller, Motherhood and Mothering
    in Anglo-Saxon England(London, 2000); and the collections of essays: Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker
    (ed.), Sanctity and Motherhood: Essays on Holy Mothers in the Middle Ages(New York, 1995);
    John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (eds.), Medieval Mothering(New York and London,
    1996).


13. Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History(New York, 1988), 43–44 virtually ignores
    motherhood; Marianne Hirsch, “Feminism and the Maternal Divide: A Diary,” in The Politics of