Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right, eds. Alexis Jetter, Annelise Orleck and Dianna Tay-
lor (Hanover, N.H. and London, 1997), 352–68; Sara Ruddick, “Rethinking ‘Maternal’ Politics,”
ibid, 369–81.
- Yvonne Knibiehler, Les Pères aussi ont une histoire(Paris, 1987); Jean Delumeau et Danîel
Roche (eds.), Histoire des pères et de la paternité(Paris, 1990) and for early modern Europe: Steven
Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe(Cambridge, Mass., 1983).
15.Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, “Including Women,” trans. Arthur Goldhammer, History of
Women in the West,ed. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber (London and Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 2:7–10.
16.A recent study has demonstrated how much can be learned from such an analysis of the me-
dieval author’s gender and identity. See the articles in Catherine M. Mooney (ed.), Gendered Voices:
Medieval Saints and Their Interpreters(Philadelphia, 1999); and for earlier discussions of these is-
sues: Gabrielle M. Spiegel, “History, Historicism and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle
Ages.” Speculum65(1990): 59–86. - Scott, Gender, 28–50; Gisela Bock, “Challenging Dichotomies: Perspectives on Women’s
History,” in Writing Women’s History. International Perspectives, eds. Karen Offen, Ruth Roach
Pierson and Jane Rendall (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1991), 1–24.
18.I emphasize the word relativelybecause there are far more sources for the ninth and tenth
centuries in Christian society than for Jewish sources for that time period. - Doris Desclais Berkvam, Enfance et maternité dans la littérature française des XIIe et XIIIe
siècles(Paris, 1981); Schultz, The Idea of Childhood; Lett, L’enfant des miracles. - For example: Pierre Toubert, “The Carolingian Moment,” in A History of the Family, eds.
André Burguière et al., trans. Sarah Hanbury Tension et al. (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 1:379–406;
Janet Nelson, “Parents, Children and the Church,” in The Church and Childhood,ed. Diana
Wood (Studies in Church History, 31) (Oxford, 1994), 81–115. - For example: Beatrice Gottlieb, The Family in the Western World from the Black Death to
the Industrial Revolution(New York, 1993). - Mordechai Breuer, “The “Black Death” and Antisemitism,” in Antisemitism Through the
Ages. A Collection of Essays, ed. Shmuel Almog (Jerusalem, 1980), 139–52 [in Hebrew]; Zefira
Entin Rokéah·, “The State, the Church and the Jews in Medieval England,” ibid., 99–126;
William Chester Jordan, The French Monarchy and the Jews: From Philip Augustus to the Last
Capetians(Philadelphia, 1989), 214–38. - Michael Toch, Die Juden im mittelalterlichen Reich(Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte,
- (München, 1998), 55–67; Franz-Josef Ziwes, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden im mittleren
Rheingebiet während des hohen und späten Mittelalters(Hanover 1995), 220–66.
- This issue has been discussed at length by various scholars over the past years. While some
have argued for complete distinction between the areas, others have demonstrated the advantage
of studying both areas together. For a discussion of this issue: Israel Ta-Shma, Early Franco-
German Ritual and Custom(Jerusalem, 1992), 14–16; 22–27 [in Hebrew]. See further discussion
of this in note 30. - Many documents related to the formation of the communities were published by Julius Aro-
nius, Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden im fränkischen und deutschen Reiche bis zum Jahre 1273
(Berlin, 1902, repr. Hildesheim and New York, 1970), 25–92. - For settlement of Jews in Germany: Avraham Grossman, The Early Sages of Ashkenaz:
Their Lives, Leadership and Works(900–1096) (Jerusalem, 2001^3 ), 9–18 [in Hebrew]; Ziwes, Stu-
dien zur Geschichte der Juden; Michael Toch, “The Formation of a Diaspora. The Settlement of
the Jews in the Medieval German Reich,” Aschkenas7 (1997), 55–78; Alexander Pinthus, Die Ju-
densiedlungen der deutsche Städte. Eine stadtbiologische Studie(Berlin, 1931), 13–47; and most
recently: Markus J. Wenninger, “Zur Topographie der Judenviertel in den mittelalterlichen
deutschen Städten anhand österreichischer Beispiele,” in Juden in der Stadt, eds. Fritz Mayrhofer
und Ferdinand Opll (Linz, 1999), 81–117. The last two studies focus on the layout of the cities. I
thank Professor Israel J. Yuval who referred me to Pinthus’s and Wenninger’s work.