Mothers and Children. Jewish Family Life in Medieval Europe - Elisheva Baumgarten

27. For settlement in France: Avraham Grossman, The Early Sages of France: Their Lives, Lead-
    ership and Works(Jerusalem, 2001^3 ), 13–21 [in Hebrew].


28. Grossman, Sages of Ashkenaz, 27–28.


29. An additional geographic area that could have been part of our frame of reference is that of
    Poland, to which many German Jews emigrated during the high and late Middle Ages. However,
    the state of research about Poland during this period does not allow for a close examination.


30. Although Grossman distinguished between Germany and France when writing his histo-
    ries of the Sages’ lives, he treats them as one area when examining women: Pious and Rebellious:
    Jewish Women in Europe in the Middle Ages(Jerusalem, 2001) [in Hebrew]. Others have argued
    for greater differentiation: Eric Zimmer, Society and Its Customs: Studies in the History and Meta-
    morphosis of Jewish Customs(Jerusalem 1996) [in Hebrew] as well as the review of this book: Haym
    Soloveitchik, “Review Essay of Olam Ke-Minhago Noheg,” AJS Review23(1998): 223–25 and most
    recently: “Piety, Pietism and German Pietism: ‘Sefer H·asidim I’ and the Influence of ‘H·asidei
    Ashkenaz.’” JQR 92(2002): 455–93. For a discussion of this issue in broader terms: Carlrichard
    Brühl, Deutschland-Frankreich: Die Geburt zweier Völker(Köln and Vienna, 1990).


31. As noted above, n. 24.


32. For example: Shah·ar, Childhood; Eadem, The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the
    Middle Ages, trans. Chaya Galai (London and New York, 1983); Mary Martin McLaughlin, “Sur-
    vivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries,” in The
    History of Childhood, ed. Lloyd de Mause (New York, 1974), 101–81; Hugh Cunningham, Chil-
    dren and Childhood in Western Society since 1500(London and New York, 1995); Gottlieb, The
    Family in the Western World; Alexander-Bidon and Closson, L’enfance à l’ombre des cathedrales;
    Luke DeMaitre, “The Idea of Childhood and Childcare in Medical Writings of the Middle Ages,”
    Journal of Psychohistory4(1976/77): 461–90; John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers: The Aban-
    donment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance(New York, 1988).
    James Casey, in his The History of the Family(Oxford and New York, 1989) protests the exclusion
    of Spain from these discussions.


33. For example: Berkvam, Enfance et maternité, who focuses on France; Schultz, Knowledge
    of Childhood, focuses on Germany; and Nicholas Orme, “The Culture of Childhood in Medieval
    England”; Past and Present148(1994): 48–88; idem, Medieval Children, discusses medieval En-
    gland. See also: Linda Paterson, “L’enfant dans la littérature occitane avant 1230”; Cahiers de civ-
    ilization medièvale Xe-XIIe siècle32(1989): 233–45; Jenny Swanson, “Childhood and Child Rear-
    ing in ad statusSermons by Later Thirteenth Century Friars”; Journal of Medieval History
    16(1990): 309–30; Kathryn Ann Taglia, “The Cultural Construction of Childhood: Baptism,
    Communion and Confirmation,” in Women, Marriage and Family in Medieval Christendom. Es-
    says in Memory of Michael M. Sheehan, eds. Constance M. Rousseau and Joel T. Rosenthal (Kala-
    mazoo, MI, 1998), 255–88.


34. This issue is discussed at length in chapter 1. See also: Joseph Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine
    and Medieval Society(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1994).


35. In this statement I include the scholars whose Hebrew writings have reached us. Although
    they wrote in Hebrew, this was not the language in which they conducted most of their business
    and family lives.


36. For example: Marcus, Rituals of Childhood, 74–101.


37. Esther Cohen and Elliott Horowitz, “In Search of the Sacred: Jews, Christians and Rituals
    of Marriage in the Later Middle Ages,” Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies20(1990):
    225–27.


38. Jacob Katz, The “Shabbes Goy”: A Study in Halakhic Flexibility, trans. Yoel Lerner (Phila-
    delphia, 1989), 49–68.


39. Only in Speyer were the Jews originally settled in a separate area, over the river: “Speyer,”
    Germania Judaica, 1:328.


40. A wonderful example of this familiarity can be found in a response concerning a widow

NOTES TO INTRODUCTION 193