Mothers and Children. Jewish Family Life in Medieval Europe - Elisheva Baumgarten

13. Daniel Lasker, “Transubstantiation, Elijah’s Chair, Plato and the Jewish-Christian Debate,”
    REJ143 (1984): 31–58.


14. Richard Schenk, “Covenant Initiation: Thomas Aquinas and Robert Kilwardy on the Sacra-
    ment of Circumcision,” in Ordo Sapientis et Amoris. Hommage au Professeur Jean-Pierre Torrell,
    ed. Carlos-Josaphat Pinto de Oliveira (Fribourg, 1993), 555–93.


15. Baptism usually took place at the time of the Easter celebrations. For a survey of the changes
    in the ritual, see Joachim Jeremias, Die Kindertaufe in den ersten vier Jahrhunderten(Göttingen,
    19582 ); Victor Saxer, Les rites de l’initiation chrétienne du IIe au Vie siècle. Esquisse historique et
    signification d’après leurs principaux témoins(Spoleto, 1988); John D. C. Fisher, Christian Initi-
    ation: Baptism in the Medieval West: A Research in the Disintegration of the Primitive Rite of Ini-
    tiation(Alcuin Club Collection 47), (London, 1965); Peter Cramer, Baptism and Change in the
    Early Middle Ages, c. 200–c. 1150(Cambridge, 1993). I thank Professor Evelyn Patlegean for re-
    ferring me to Saxer’s book.


16. The medieval authors themselves were very much aware of this distinction. R. Joseph
    Bekhor Shor explains that in lieu of circumcision, Jewish women observe the laws of menstrual
    purity (Perush al haTorah, ed. Yehoshafat Nevo (Jerusalem, 1994), Gen. 17:11). Professor Shaye
    Cohen of Harvard University has undertaken a study of this difference and has published one part
    of his study to date. See Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Why Aren’t Jewish Women Circumcised?” Gender
    and History9(1997): 560–78.


17. Cramer, Baptism and Change, 221–66, argues strongly that baptism lost some of its im-
    portance in the later Middle Ages. Other scholars have suggested baptism became less important
    as early as the ninth century: Jaroslav Pelikan, The Growth of Medieval Theology 600–1300. The
    Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine(Chicago and London, 1978), 3:29–


18. 
    


19. Powicke and Cheney (eds.), Councils and Synods(Oxford, 1962), 2:35.


20. Bernhard Jussen, “La parrainage à la fin du Moyen Age: Savoir publique attentes théolo-
    gique et usages sociaux,” AnnalesE.S.C. 47(1992): 483.


21. Cramer, Baptism and Change, 130–78; Joseph Lynch, Godparenthood and Kinship in
    Early Medieval Europe(Princeton, 1986), 285–332; Arnold Angenendt, “Taufe und Politik im
    frühen Mittelalter,” Frühmittelalterliche Studien7(1973): 143–68; Bernhard Jussen, Patenschaft
    und Adoption im frühen Mittelalter: Künstliche Verwandtschaft als soziale Praxis(Göttingen,
    1991), 271–98.


22. For baptism in the Byzantine Empire: Evelyn Patlegean, “Christianisation et parents rit-
    uelles: Le domaine de Byzance,” Annales E.S.C.33(1978): 625–36; Ruth Macrides, “The Byzan-
    tine Godfather,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies11(1987): 139–62. For baptism during the
    Carolingian reform: Jean-Paul Bouhot, “Explications du rituel baptismal à l’époque carolingi-
    enne,” Revue des études Augustiennes24(1978): 278–301; Marie Magdalene van Molle, “Les fonc-
    tions du parrainage des enfants en Occident: Leur apogée et leur degradation (du VIe au Xe
    siecle),” Paroisse et Liturgie46(1964): 121–46; Cyrille Vogel, Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction
    to the Sources, trans. and revised by William Storey and Niels Rasmussen (Washington, D.C.,
    1986), 164–66; Lynch, Godparenthood, 285–89.


23. Lynch, Godparenthood, 125–26; 170; van Molle, “Fonctions du parrainage,” 122.


24. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, “Les femmes dans les rituels de l’alliance et de la naissance à
    Florence,” in Riti e rituali nelle società medievali, eds. Jacques Chiffoleau et al. (Spoleto, 1994),
    3–22; Eadem, “Au péril des commères: L’alliance spirituelle par les femmes à Florence,” in
    Femmes, mariages, lignages, XII-XIV siècles, Melanges offerts à George Duby, eds. Pierre Toubert,
    et al. (Brussels, 1992), 215–32; compare this with Lynch, Godparenthood, 205–206.


25. Joseph H. Lynch, “Spiritale Vinculum: The Vocabulary of Spiritual Kinship in Early Me-
    dieval Europe,” in Religion, Culture, and Society in the Early Middle Ages: Studies in Honor of
    Robert E. Sullivan, eds. Thomas F. X. Noble and John J. Contreni (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1987),
    181–204; John Bossy, “Blood and Baptism: Kinship, Community and Christianity in Western Eu-

208 NOTES TO CHAPTER 2