182 Wallenstein
spring 1633 the Swedes had re-established their political position after
the death of Gustavus, and they were set to continue the war.
Militarily too they held the initiative. After Lützen Georg of Brunswick-
Lüneburg had retired from Saxony into Westphalia, and in the spring he
consolidated his position, occupying important cities and keeping the
opposing Imperialists on the defensive until he was able to defeat them
at Hessisch Oldendorf, west of Hanover, in early July. Bernhard had
moved south to the River Main, and in the early spring he joined forces
near Augsburg with the Swedish marshal Gustav Horn coming up from
the south-west. Aldringer, with the Imperialist contingent still attached
to the Bavarian army, retired ahead of them, while Maximilian again
sent frantic pleas for help to Wallenstein and to Vienna. However the
Swedes also had difficulties. The Heilbronn League had been more forth-
coming with promises than with money, and hence it had not solved
Oxenstierna’s immediate problem of how to pay his soldiers some of
their long-standing arrears. This led first to unrest and then to outright
mutiny by the Swedish forces in south Germany in the spring of 1633.
As Monro put it: ‘our Armie did settle themselves in a close Leaguer
at Donavert [camp at Donauwörth] for three months together, ...
resolving to enterprise no exployt or hostility against the Enemy, till
such time as they should know, who should content them for their by-
past service.’^8 By the time enough expedients had been found to pacify
the troops and their officers at least temporarily it was August and much
of the campaigning season had slipped away. Meanwhile Wallenstein’s
peace initiatives and accompanying truces had effectively neutralised
Saxony and Brandenburg, as well as his own main Imperialist army, so
that nothing more of military significance happened until well into the
autumn.
Exile intrigues
One of the principal obstacles to any peace with the Protestant German
princes remained Ferdinand’s determination, influenced by his confes-
sor Lamormaini and the ultra-Catholic party at Vienna, to press on with
his efforts to roll back the Reformation. In their January memorandum
Trauttmansdorff and his colleagues had noted that one argument put
forward for continuing the war was that the Edict of Restitution could
scarcely be implemented by peaceful means, but they had gone on to
recommend at least its moderation. Instead Ferdinand and his advisers
chose that moment to proceed further against non-Catholics, stipulat-
ing that even the ambassadors of Protestant princes must appear before