Schmitt, Eric, 263, 266
Schmitter, Philippe C., 197
Schofield, Carey, 49, 53
Sciolino, Elaine, 242
Scott, James M., 80
Scowcroft, Brent, 168
SCUD missiles, 169–70
Seddiqi, Sohaila, 274
Sen, Amartya, 16
Sepah-i Pasdaran, 64
September 11, 251–2, 257–8
see alsoBin Laden, Osama; War on
Terrorism
Sevan, Benon, 181, 185, 188, 190, 191,
192, 193, 209
Shafiq, Muhammad Musa, 26
Shah Mahmoud Khan, 14
Shah Shuja, 11
Shah Wali, Dr, 32
Shah, Engineer Ahmad, 149, 150
Shahrani, M. Nazif, 61, 279
Shalinsky, Audrey C., 155
Shanker, Thom, 263
Sharaf, Sharafuddin, 100
Sharia, 233–5, 243
see alsoTaliban, Religious Police
Sharif, Nawaz, 190, 220, 222, 226
Sharq, Muhammad Hasan, 122, 172
Shchelokov, Nikolai, 95, 104
Shcherbitskii, Vladimir, 131
Sher Ali Khan, Amir, 12
Sher Khan Bandar, 113
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 54, 115, 116,
128, 133, 139, 145, 169, 180, 186
Shia, 9, 59, 63–4, 91, 150, 223, 226
Shils, Edward, 184
Shindand, 34, 89, 143
Shomali Valley, 90, 231, 260
Shula-i Javid, 22, 26
Shultz, George P., 73, 139
Shura-i Ahl-e Hal va Aqd, 198, 202
Shura-i Ettefaq, 64, 91, 114
Shura-i Hamahangi, 203, 211, 219
Shura-i Intiqali, 197
Shura-i Nazar-e Shomali, 113, 176,
202–4, 205, 214, 261
Shura-i Qiyadi, 197
shuras (see also jirgas), 10
Shurygin, Veniamin, 120
Silk, James, 50
Simon, Steven, 257
Simoniya, Nodari, 128–9
Sipah-i Sahaba, 226
Sipress, Alan, 262, 276
Sirat, Abdul Sattar, 265, 273
Sirrs, Julie, 220, 221
Sixsmith, Martin, 165
Skaine, Rosemarie, 238
Skjelsæk, Kjell, 135
Sliwinski, Marek, 71, 86, 87, 158
Smeal, Eleanor, 242
Smith, Anthony D., 9
Smith, Nancy DeWolf, 220
Snegirev, Vladimir, 173
Snyder, Jack, 280
society, 8–11
rural, 10
state and, 13
Sokolov, Sergei L., 34
Solamal, Muhammad Zahir, 177
Solnick, Steven L., 40
Soviet armed forces
afgantsy (war veterans), 55
ethnicity of, 40–1
history of, 37–9
political control of, 41
structure, 39–41
Soviet–Afghan War, 84, 85
change in Kabul, 103–5
costs of (human and material), 54–5
death of Zia, 147–8
East–West relations, 104–5
effects of, 154–66
Geneva Accords, 134–42
invasion, 33–6
lessons of, 166–7336 Index