The Afghanistan Wars - William Maley

military activities, 86–91
mujahideen positioning, 148–51
UNGOMAP, 142–5
UNOCA, 142–5, 180
unpopularity of, 53–4
Gorbachev, 105–7, 127–9, 130
situation in USSR, 103–5
strategic failure, 129–30
strategy, 41–6
tactics, 46–53
withdrawal, 108, 126–7, 142–7,
145–7, 151–2
see alsoKarmal regime, Najibullah
regime
Soviet strategy, 41
failure of, 129–30
and political situation (Afghanistan),
45–6
objectives, 42–6
Soviet tactics, 46–53
airpower, 48–9
armour, 47–8
infantry, 46–7
intelligence and communications,
51–2
mine warfare, 50–1
operational relations with Afghan
Army, 52–3
scorched earth, 49–50
Spetsnaz forces, 49
Soviet Union (USSR)
advisory role to Karmal regime, 102
coup April 1978 (Afghanistan), 26–7
early relations with Afghanistan,
19–21
economic aid, 21
elite, 23–5
foreign policy, 19–21, 24, 116–17,
127–9, 132
invasion of Afghanistan, 33–6
military aid, 21, 138, 139, 187–8
political system, 17–19, 24–5
seeSoviet–Afghan War

Spillmann, Markus, 241

Spin Baldak, 44

Springborg, Patricia, 15

Stalin, Joseph, 19, 20, 24, 27, 41, 59,

105, 200, 234

Stanekzai, Sher Muhammad Abbas, 234

Stark, Freya, 6

Starodubtsev, Vasilii, 186

Starr, S. Frederick, 260–1

state

corruption of, 15–16

collapse, 201

elites, 23–5, 195–200

legitimacy, 15–17

and society, 13–15

State Information Service, Khedamat-e

Ettalaat-e Dawlati

seeKhAD

Stedman, Stephen John, 198

Steele, Jonathan, 106

Stolee, Margaret K., 101

Strand, Arne, 278

Sufism, 9, 59

Suhrke, Astri, 278

Sullivan, Kevin, 234

Sunni, 9, 58, 63–4, 82, 150, 190–1, 223,

226, 254

Suslov, Mikhail A., 35, 104

Tabeev, Fikrat A., 32, 34

Tacitus, 228

Taggart, Chris, 245

Tajiks, 158, 190, 231

Talbott, Strobe, 168

Taliban, 68, 195, 203–4, 209, 211, 216

Taliban regime,

composition of, 222–5

culture, 240–1, 256

economy, 235–6

fall of, 258–66

role of Pakistan, 219–2, 224, 225,

226, 227, 229

military developments, 228–32

Index 337