before Pope Clement VI on July 5, 1350. He subse-
quently developed his arguments on the poverty ques-
tion, which he published in the treatise De Pauperie
Salvatoris (On the Poverty of the Savior). With this text
he returned to London on routine business in the
summer of 1356, where its circulation caused the
mendicant controversy to become acute. FitzRalph’s
friend, Richard Kilvington, dean of St Paul’s cathe-
dral, allowed the archbishop to defend himself in a
series of sermons preached during the winter and
spring of 1356–1357 at St Paul’s Cross, the most
prominent pulpit in London.
These represent the basis of his case laid before
Pope Innocent VI in Avignon on November 8, 1357.
Here he also dealt with his critics in the eighth book
of De Pauperie Salvatoris, while the case between him
and the friars dragged on inconclusively. After
FitzRalph’s death in November 1360, followed by that
of several other participants a year later, the matter
passed into oblivion.
FitzRalph’s papers were preserved, presumably ini-
tially by Kilvington, and in approximately 1370 his
remains were returned to Ireland. They were interred
in the church of St. Nicholas, Dundalk, where the local
cult of “St. Richard of Dundalk” led to calls for his
canonization. With the support of several Irish bishops,
a commission was convened in Rome to investigate
the matter. The examination of his writings exposed
similarities to the teachings of John Wyclif with regard
to dominion and scriptural proof. The friars pointed to
their enemy as the source of Wycliffite heresy, while
Lollard sources referred to him as noster sanctus
Armachanus (our holy Armachanus), with appropriate
damage to FitzRalph’s postumus reputation at the
papal curia.
KATHERINE WALSH
References and Further Reading
Coleman, Janet. “FitzRalph’s Antimendicant ‘Proposicio’
(1350) and the Politics of the Papal Court at Avignon.”
Journal of Ecclesiastical History 35 (1984): 376–390.
Courtenay, William J. Schools & Scholars in Fourteenth-
Century England. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1987.
Dawson, James D. “Richard FitzRalph and the Fourteenth-
Century Poverty Controversies.” Journal of Ecclesiastical
History 34 (1983): 315–344.
Dolan, Terence P. “Langland and FitzRalph: Two Solutions to
the Mendicant Problem.” The Yearbook of Langland Studies
2 (1988): 35–45.
. “English and Latin Versions of FitzRalph’s Sermons.”
In Latin and Vernacular. Studies in Late-Medieval Texts and
Manuscripts, edited by Alexander J. Minnis. (York Manu-
script Conferences: Proceedings Series 1) Woodbridge,
Suffolk: 1989.
Dunne, Michael. “A Fourteenth-Century Example of an Introi-
tus Sententiarum at Oxford: Richard FitzRalph’s Inaugural
Speech in Praise of the Sentences of Peter Lombard.” Medi-
aeval Studies 63 (2001): 1–29.
Genest, Jean-Francois. “Contingence et révélation des futurs:
la Quaestio biblica de Richard FitzRalph.” In Lectionum
varietates. Hommage à Paul Vignaux (1904–1987), edited
by Jean Jolivet, Zénon Kaluza, and Alain de Libera. (Etudes
de philosophie médiévale 65). Paris: Vrin, 1991.
Haren, Michael J. “Bishop Gynwell of Lincoln, Two Avignon-
ese Statutes and Archbishop FitzRalph of Armagh’s Suit at
the Roman Curia against the Friars.” Archivum Historiae
Pontificiae 31 (1993): 275–292.
Haren, Michael, and Yolande de Pontfarcy, ed. The Medieval
Pilgrimage to St. Patrick’s Purgatory. Lough Derg and the
Medieval Tradition. Enniskillen: Clogher Historical Society,
1988.
Radulphi, Ricardus. In Summa Domini Richardi Radulphi
Archiepiscopi Armacani... in Questionibus Armenorum,
edited by Johannis Sudoris, with an appendix containing four
London sermons. Paris: privately published, 1511.
. Defensio Curatorum. In Goldast von Haiminsfeld, Mel-
chior, Monarchia Sancti Romani Imperii, Vol. 2. edited by
Melchior Goldast von Haiminsfeld. Frankfurt,: 1612; and in
Fasciculus rerum expetendarum et fugiendarum, Vol. 2.
edited by Edward Brown. London: privately published,
1690.
. De Pauperie Salvatoris, lib. I–IV. In John Wyclif, De
Dominio Divino, edited by Reginald L. Poole. London:
Wyclif Society, 1890.
Tachau, Katherine H. Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham.
Optics, Epistemology and the Foundations of Semantics
1250–1345. (Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des
Mittelalters 22). Leiden–New York–Kobenhavn–Köln: E. J.
Brill, 1988.
Walsh, Katherine. A Fourteenth-Century Scholar and Primate.
Richard FitzRalph in Oxford, Avignon and Armagh. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1981, with index of manuscripts and exten-
sive bibliography.
. “Preaching, Pastoral Care, and ‘sola scriptura’ in Later
Medieval Ireland: Richard FitzRalph and the Use of the
Bible.” In The Bible in the Medieval World. Essays in Mem-
ory of Beryl Smalley, edited by Katherine Walsh and Diana
Wood. (Studies in Church History, Subsidia 4). Oxford:
Basil Blackwell, 1985.
. “Richard FitzRalph of Armagh († 1360). Professor–
Prelate–‘Saint’.” County Louth Archaeological and Histori-
cal Journal 22 (1990): 111–124.
“Die Rezeption der Schriften des Richard FitzRalph
(Armachanus) in lollardisch-hussitischen Kreisen.” In Das
Publikum politischer Theorie im 14. Jahrhundert, edited
by Jürgen Miethke. (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs,
Kolloquien 21). München: Oldenbourg, 1992.
. “Der Becket der irischen Kirche: Der ‘Armachanus’
Richard FitzRalph von Armagh († 1360). Professor–
Kirchenfürst–‘Heiliger’.” Innsbrucker Historische Studien
20/21 (1999): 1–58.
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