Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia

on the whole Gaelic tendencies persevered. These
included the donation of tuarastaland the impositions
of coshering and coyne and livery. Internal rivalry, raid-
ing, hostage-taking, and fluctuations in alliances and
power remained characteristic for the Gaelic lordships.
This hampered the implementation of the English sur-
render-and-regrant policy in the decades around 1600,
bywhich the Irish kings and lords were recreated as
English earls and barons, with the promise to follow
English law and custom. In the end, the Irish royal fam-
ilies died out, lost power, or their chiefs went abroad,
and few managed to keep up their noble stature.
BART JASKI

References and Further Reading

Byrne, Francis John. Irish Kings and High Kings, revised ed.
Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001.

Jaski, Bart. Early Irish Kingship and Succession. Dublin: Four

Courts Press, 2000.

Simms, Katharine. From Kings to Warlords. The Changing

Political Structures of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle

Ages. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1987.

See alsoAilech;Feis; Feudalism; Fosterage;

Genealogy; Marriage; Niall Noígiallach;

Óenach; Tara

KITCHENS

SeeCastles; Ecclesiastical Sites

KNIGHTS AND KNIGHTHOOD

SeeSociety, Grades of Anglo-Norman

KINGS AND KINGSHIP