Medieval France. An Encyclopedia

ARLES . The city of Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône) remained in the shadow of Marseille until 46 B.C., when Julius Caesar established a ...

necessitating exterior wall buttresses. Each corner pier of the north gallery has three figures with relief sculpture between th ...

The south and east galleries are Gothic, dating from the late 13th and 14th centuries. Encrusted with a thick layer of gypsum, t ...

the structure was refurbished around the time of the 1157 consecration, a larger and higher arcade was integrated with the older ...

Count Bernard VI. Bernard VI, disputing the succession of the viscounty of Béarn, also initiated the great quarrel with the coun ...

and two royal armies marched against him (November-December 1411 and May-July 1412). After a long siege at Bourges, the king’s s ...

similar construction continued to be used by infantry into the 15th century, but a longer and narrower shield of Byzantine origi ...

close-fitting hemispherical bascinet, which emerged ca. 1220. The great helm survived with little further structural change from ...

of the rulers and nobles but of the rank-and-file members of the new heavy-cavalry units ancestral to the knights of the 10th an ...

and partitions, and the language of “blazon” used to describe them, was developed gradually in the period between 1130 and 1300, ...

scheme of decoration. This usage reached its height in the 14th century, which was the last in which arms played an important ro ...

ARNULF . Name of three counts of Flanders. Arnulf I the Great (885–965, r. 918–65), also known in his last years as “the Old,” “ ...

rebuilding of the cathedral at Lisieux. In his last years, he lost the confidence of Henry II, and his stance during the Becket ...

Arras is known today for its network of connecting Late Gothic city squares and the medieval and Renaissance houses that line th ...

The founding mother of the Lusignan line, the fairy Mélusine, whose name derives possibly from “mère des Lusignan,” has been cur ...

ARS ANTIQUA . An antithesis to the term Ars Nova, Ars Antiqua designates music written before the late teens of the 14th century ...

the Ars Antiqua) in Book 7 of his Speculum musicae of 1325. Finally, a letter of Pope John XXII (1324–25) proscribes the applica ...

[See also: ARS ANTIQUA; ARS SUBTILIOR; FAUVEL, ROMAN DE; FORMES FIXES; ISORHYTHMIC MOTET; MACHAUT, GUILLAUME DE; MUSIC THEORY; P ...

ARTEVELDE . A politically important family of 14th-cen-tury Ghent. A legendary figure in Flemish history, Jacques van Artevelde ...

[See also: FLANDERS] Nicholas, David. The van Arteveldes of Ghent: The Varieties of Vendetta and the Hero in History. Ithaca: Co ...