Avranches (d. 1079), and Bernold of Constance (d. 1100); the date of the much copied
Liber quare remains in doubt, but its earliest source dates from the late 11th century.
Reform, which brought increasing emphasis on the education of priests, helped to
inspire the many liturgical commentaries written in France and northern Europe during
the 12th century. In addition to the extensive discussions of Rupert of Deutz (d. 1129),
Liber de divinis officiis; Honorius of Autun (fl. first half of the 12th c.), Gemma animae,
Speculum ecclesiae, and Sacramentarium; Hugh of Saint-Victor (d. 1142), De
sacramentis christianae fidei; Jean Beleth (d. ca. 1180), Summa de ecclesiasticis officiis;
the anonymous Pseudo-Hugh of Saint-Victor, Speculum de mysteriis ecclesiae (ca. 1160);
and Robert Paululus (d. after 1180), De ceremoniis, sacramentis, officiis et
observationibus ecclesiasticis, are shorter litur-gical commentaries found in the writings
of Petrus Pictor (fl. ca. 1100), Sigebert de Gembloux (d. after 1112), Odo of Cambrai (d.
1113), Ivo of Chartres (d. 1116), Pseudo-Alger of Liège (De sacrificio missae); Hildebert
of Lavardin (d. 1133), Drogo of Laon (d. 1135), Isaac of Stella (d. 1169/ 78), and
Stephen, bishop of Autun (d. 1189) (Libellum de sacramento altaris), as well as the
Libellus de canone mystici libaminis, sometimes attributed to Richard the
Premonstratensian (of Wedinghausen?).
Liturgical commentators of the 13th century, most of whom either studied or taught in
Paris during some period in their lives, wrote the liturgical summae that organized earlier
material for teaching and studying in the schools: Sicard of Cremona (d. 1215), Pope
Innocent III (d. 1216), Praepositinus of Cremona (d. 1210), William of Auxerre (d.
1231), Guy of Orchelles (d. ca. 1230), Alexander of Hales (d. 1245), Hugues de Saint-
Cher (d. 1263), Albert the Great (d. 1280), and Gilbert of Tournai (d. 1284). The
culmination of these efforts was the great Rationale divinorum officiorum (1285–91) by
Guillaume Durand, bishop of Mende (d. 1296). Liturgical commentaries written in the
14th and 15th centuries are less studied than those of earlier periods. Although the
importance of liturgical commentators is increasingly recognized, many treatises,
including the Rationale of Durand, do not yet exist in critical editions.
Margot Fassler
[See also: AMALARIUS OF METZ; EXPOSITIO MISSAE; GUILLAUME
DURAND]
Fassler, Margot. Gothic Song: Victorine Sequences and Augustinian Reform in Twelfth-Century
Paris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, chaps. 2–4.
Kaske, Robert. “Medieval Liturgists.” In Medieval Christian Literary Imagery: A Guide to
Interpretation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988, pp. 64–70.
Pfaff, Richard W. “The Abbreviatio Amalarii of William of Malmesbury.” Recherches de théologie
ancienne et médiévale 57 (1980):77–113; 58 (1981):128–71.
Reynolds, Roger E. “Liturgical Scholarship at the Time of the Investiture Controversy: Past
Research and Future Opportunities.” Harvard Theological Review 71 (1978):109–24.
Schaefer, Mary M. Twelfth-Century Commentaries on the Mass: Christological and
Ecclesiological Dimensions. Diss. University of Notre Dame, 1983, Ann Arbor: UMI, 1983.
Vogel, Cyrille. Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction to the Sources, rev. and trans. William G.Storey
and Niels Krogh Rasmussen. Washington, D.C.: Pastoral, 1986.
Medieval france: an encyclopedia 1048