two years. This system was continued on a reduced scale under Charles VII, and although
it was finally abandoned by Louis VI in 1461, the use of livery badges and colors
continued into the next century among the nobles of the kingdom. After ca. 1370, livery
badges and colors were commonly worn by soldiers and displayed on the long tapering
flags under which they fought, the standard and guidon, and these gradually displaced the
armorial banner as the principal form of military flag.
D’A.Jonathan D.Boulton
[See also: MOTTO/DEVISE]
Beaune, Colette. “Costume et pouvoir en France à la fin du moyen âge: les devises royales vers
1400.” Revue des sciences humaines 183 (1981):125–46.
Pastoureau, Michel. Traité d’héraldique. Paris: Picard, 1979.
——. “Aux origines de l’emblême: la crise de l’héraldique européenne aux XVe et XVIe siècles.”
In Emblêmes et devises au temps de la Renaissance. Paris: Touzot, 1981.
LOCHES
. Commanding the Roman roads from Tours, Angers, and Orléans, Loches (Indre-et-
Loire) was fortified by the 6th century, according to Gregory of Tours. This
Loches (Indre-et-Loire), central keep.
Photograph courtesy of William
W.Kibler.
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