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——. Le confort d’ami, ed. and trans. R.Barton Palmer. New York: Garland, 1992.
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MACROBIUS, INFLUENCE OF
. The commentary by the early 5th-century Latin grammarian Macrobius on the Somnium
Scipionis from Cicero’s De republica (Book 6) was one of the most pervasive texts for
the transmission of Platonist ideas into the Middle Ages. Itself strongly influenced by
Plato and Plotinus, Macrobius’s text considers the world as three main Ideas: the Good
(or the One, Tagathen), the Intelligence (Nous), and the Soul (Psyche). The Soul contains
all individual souls, which descend into bodies made of matter (hyle), separating
themselves from the First Cause and losing memory of their origins. They can return to
the Soul only by the exercise of four sorts of Virtues: political, purifying, contemplative,
and exemplary.
Christian theology has always been strongly attracted by Platonist views, and a
number of heresies have been merely the incorrect weighting of the division between
body and soul as good and bad, which Platonism contends. But the Platonism was rarely
direct from the source. In the Middle Ages, as especially in the strong Platonism of the
12th-century Chartrians, the ideas came through Chalcidius’s translations of parts of the
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