bishop of Urgel to end their longstanding dispute; today, their successors, the president of
France and the bishop of Urgel, share the administration of that principality.
Theodore Evergates
Evergates, Theodore. Feudal Society in the Baillage of Troyes Under the Counts of Champagne,
1152–1284. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
Gallet, Léon. Les traités de pariage dans la France féodale. Paris: Sirey, 1935.
Higounet, Charles. “Les types d’exploitation cisterciennes et prémontrées du XIIIe siècle et leur
rôle dans la formation de l’habitat et des paysages ruraux.” Annales de l’Est: mémoires 21
(1959):260–75.
Richard, Jean. Les ducs de Bourgogne et la formation du duché du XIe aux XIVe siècle. Dijon:
Bernigaud et Privat, 1954.
Strayer, Joseph R. The Reign of Philip the Fair. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
PARIS
. The development of the actual site of Paris began with the Celtic settlement on the
island in the River Seine known today as the Île-de-la-Cité. The Roman city, known as
Lutetia or Lutece, grew up on the left bank, where vestiges of the Roman baths and arena
can still be seen. The site, a large natural basin ringed by hills and close to the confluence
of the Marne, the Bièvre, and, farther downstream, the Oise, was on one of the major
north-south Roman roads. Lutece was a major market center for agricultural goods grown
in the swampy lowlands, the marais, running in an arc around the north side along the old
course of the Seine.
The late-antique city consisted of three parts, the Île-de-la-Cité, fortified to protect the
commercial docks; the old Roman quarter on the left bank, where the forum was enclosed
behind protective walls; and the newly established commercial quarter on the right bank,
also behind walls. Bridges connected the three sections. Archaeological finds indicate
that the Île-de-la-Cité may have been divided even then between the religious sector to
the east and the seat of secular power, site of later royal palaces, to the west. Christianity
reached Lutece in the 3rd century with the arrival of Denis, the Apostle of Gaul and first
bishop of Paris. Tradition and practice suggest the earliest church was outside the Roman
city, perhaps on the site of the first Christian cemetery, later Saint-Marcel. The discovery
in 1964 during excavations in front of the present cathedral of Notre-Dame of the bottom
of a glass cup with the chi-rho indicates the presence of a church on the site by ca. 360,
about the same time that the Roman name, Lutece, was replaced by the place-name Paris,
derived from the old Celtic tribe of the Parisi.
By the early 6th century, four churches made up the cathedral group, including the
basilica of Saint-Étienne, whose western foundations have been excavated under the
square in front of Notre-Dame, the baptistery of Saint-Jean-le-Ronde (destroyed) to the
north of Saint-Étienne, the church of Saint-Denis-du-Pas (destroyed) east of the
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