Nonetheless, actions taken by the royal government, by baronial, ecclesiastical, and
municipal authorities, and by vigilantes point up the pervasiveness of these attitudes.
Segregation of Jews from Christians became widespread and was increasingly stringent
from the 12th through the 14th century. Judicial murders of Jews, tolerated by the count
of Blois in 1171 and by ecclesiastics in Troyes in 1288, originated from charges of
malicious murder against them. Philip the Fair himself permitted the execution of a Jew
of Paris in 1290 for allegedly desecrating the host. And large-scale massacres in 1321
were founded on the rumor of a plot between lepers and Jews, supported by the Muslims
of Granada, to poison the wells of France. Expulsion, the ultimate policy of governments
hostile to Jews, secured to the lords who pursued it in France the seizure and liquidation
of Jewish property to their profit.
William Chester Jordan
[See also: CLOTHING, JEWISH; JEWS; PHILIP IV THE FAIR]
Jordan, William Chester. The French Monarchy and the Jews from Philip Augustus to the Last
Capetians. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.
Langmuir, Gavin. “Anti-Judaism as the Necessary Preparation for Anti-Semitism.” Viator
2(1971):383–90.
Poliakov, Léon. The History of Anti-Semitism, I: From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, trans.
Richard Howard. New York: Vanguard, 1965.
Trachtenberg, Joshua. The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its
Relation to Modern Antisemitism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944.
ANZY-LE-DUC
. The priory of Anzy-le-Duc (Saône-et-Loire), constructed in the second half of the 11th
century, has a five-bay nave, flanked by aisles—all groin-vaulted. Two short barrel-
vaulted transepts open off the crossing. In spite of the relatively small size of Anzy, the
interior appears wide because of the ample nave arcades and the direct clerestory
windows. The crisp ashlar masonry emphasizes the mural nature of the thick walls. The
south flank of the priory reveals the simple massing of nave above aisles, the penetrating
transept, and the crowning three-storied, octagonal tower above the crossing. Projecting
buttresses and punctured windows animate the surfaces.
The most dramatic part of Anzy-le-Duc is its east end. The plan, which is identical to
that of Charlieu and related to that of Cluny II, calls for six apsidioles: two opening off
the transept arms, two off the bays flanking the fore choir (chapels in eschelon), and one
off the choir. When viewed from the side, the apsidioles climb dramatically to three
different heights and extend eastward in four different planes.
Fine capitals decorate each nave pier. Starting in the second bay from the façade,
sutures, or breaks in the
The Encyclopedia 95