Runnalls, Graham A., ed. Le mystère de la Passion Nostre Seigneur du manuscrit 1131 de la
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève. Geneva: Droz, 1974.
——, ed. La Passion d’Auvergne. Geneva: Droz, 1982.
Accarie, Maurice. Le théâtre sacré de la fin du moyen âge. Geneva: Droz, 1979.
Frank, Grace. The Medieval French Drama. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960.
Konigson, Élie. La représentation d’un mystère de la Passion à Valenciennes en 1547. Paris:
CNRS, 1969.
Petit de Julleville, Louis. Les mystères. 2 vols. Paris: Hachette, 1880.
Simon, Eckehard, ed. The Theatre of Medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1991, pp. 151–68.
PASTOUREAUX
. In Flanders and northern France in 1251, bands of rustics called pastoureaux
(“shepherds”) began to join together under the inspiration of a leader known as the
Master of Hungary, a man of obscure origins who claimed to have the blessing of the
Virgin Mary. The bands marched under the banner of the Triumphant Lamb. No
trustworthy estimate of their number exists, but it was large; and such evidence as there is
suggests that shepherds contributed only a fraction to the composition of the bands as
finally constituted. Their avowed purpose was to go to the Holy Land to help Louis IX in
his crusade. At first tolerated, even encouraged, by the government of Louis’s mother,
Blanche of Castile, the bands began to threaten local and royal authorities in Rouen,
Paris, and Bourges, among other places, ultimately doing violence against prelates, the
rich, and Jews. The royal government succeeded in suppressing them in the summer of
1251.
There is no direct filiation between the pastoureaux of 1251 and the second movement
that bears the name in 1320, but there are striking parallels. Again, throughout the north
of France in the aftermath of the great famine (1315–17), people responded eagerly to the
call of Philip V for a crusade. When the expedition was not mounted, bands of rustics
coalesced around popular leaders, some of whom seem to have been renegade priests, to
do the job on their own. Violence ensued. Paris saw angry mobs attack the Châtelet, the
seat of the royal prévôt of Paris. And greater violence followed in the wake of the arrival
of the pastoureaux in other towns in the southwest and south. More than one hundred
Jews were killed in Toulouse alone before the uprising was suppressed. Those
pastoureaux who escaped across the Pyrénées were dispatched by the Aragonese army.
William Chester Jordan
[See also: MILLENNIALISM]
Barber, Malcolm. “The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251.” Proceedings of the Tenth Annual
Meeting, 1981, of the Western Society for French Historical Studies. PL (1984):1–23.
——.“The Pastoureaux of 1320.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 32 (1981):143–66.
Dickson, Gary. “The Advent of the Pastores (1251).” Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 66
(1988):249–67.
The Encyclopedia 1341