John Bell Henneman, Jr.
[See also: BURGUNDY]
Nieuwenhuysen, Andrée van. Les finances du duc de Bourgogne Philippe le Hardi (1384–1404).
Brussels: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 1984.
Palmer, John J.N. England, France and Christendom, 1377–99. London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul, 1972.
Petit, Ernest. Ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois, 1: Philippe le Hardi. Paris: Champion,
1909.
Richard, Jean. Les ducs de Bourgogne et la formation du duché. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1954.
Vaughan, Richard. Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1962.
PHILIP THE CHANCELLOR
(ca. 1160/85–ca. 1236). An influential theologian, a preacher of considerable stature, and
an accomplished poet, Philip was born into ecclesiastical circles: he was the illegitimate
son of Archdeacon Philip of Paris and was related through his father to Bishop Étienne of
Noyon (d. 1211) and Bishop Pierre of Paris (d. 1218), both of whom favored Philip’s
career. After studying theology and law, he appears in the historical record no later than
1211 as archdeacon of Noyon.
As chancellor of the University of Paris, a position that he held from 1217, Philip had
authority over the fledgling university. Philip’s chancellorship came in an era of
discontent and controversy, and in a combative move early in his tenure (1219) he
excommunicated the masters and students—a move that Pope Honorius III ordered him
to reverse. During the strike initiated in 1229, Philip sided with the pope and the
university against William of Auvergne, bishop of Paris, and Blanche of Castile, regent
during Louis IX’s minority. The papal bull Parens scientiarum of Gregory IX ended the
university strike in 1231. Not long after Philip’s death, Henri d’Andeli wrote a Dit du
chancelier Philippe, in which he is associated with jongleurs, chansons, and vielle
playing.
As a master of theology, Philip composed a treatise on moral theology, the Summa de
bono, that had considerable influence on the earliest generation of Franciscan masters. It
was organized into two main parts, De bono naturae and De bono gratiae, with the latter
subdivided into three: gratia gratum faciens, gratia gratis data, gratia virtutum (both
theological and cardinal). Philip is also credited with 723 sermons, which reveal a
preacher vigorously calling both the clergy and the laity to a just and holy way of life.
Of the fifty-eight monophonic conductus attributed to Philip, at least twenty-one texts
are confirmed as his. Angelus ad virginem was made famous by Chaucer: in The Miller’s
Tale, the scholarly but impoverished cleric Nicholas sings it. Medieval sources ascribe
nine polyphonic conductus to Philip, and among four possible textings of conductus
caudae at least Bulla fulminante (and its contrafact Veste nuptiali) and Minor natu filiu
definitely can be counted as his; Anima lugi lacrima and Crucifigat omnes (which has
two contrafacts: Mundum renovavit and Curritur ad vocem) are suspected of also being
his. He penned the four known tropes to Pérotin’s two great organa quadrupla: Vide
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