Cherewatuk, Karen. “Radegund and Epistolary Tradition.” In Dear Sister: Medieval Women and
the Epistolary Genre, ed. Karen Cherewatuk and Ulrike Wiethaus. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1993, pp. 20–46.
Lippert, W. “Zur Geschichte der hl. Radegunde von Thuringen.” Geschichte und Altertumkunde 7
(1890):16–38.
RAIMBAUT D’AURENGA
(ca. 1144–1173). In his short life, the troubadour Raimbaut, count of Orange, composed
some forty lyrics distinguished by their originality and idiosyncrasy. As a follower of the
“difficult style,” or trobar clus, Raimbaut experimented with new forms, developed an
unusual vocabulary, and cultivated obscurity. He opposed his fellow poet and friend
Giraut de Bornelh by defending trobar clus in a debate over the relative virtues of the
clear, accessible style known as trobar leu. Raimbaut’s preoccupation with formal
refinement anticipates the rich style and technical virtuosity of trobar ric in Arnaut
Daniel.
Roy S.Rosenstein
[See also: GIRAUT DE BORNELH; TROUBADOUR POETRY]
Keller, Hans-Erich, et al. Studia Occitanica. 2 vols. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute, 1986.
Pattison, Walter T., ed. The Life and Works of the Troubadour Raimbaut d’Orange. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 1952.
RAIMBAUT DE VAQUEIRAS
(fl. 1180–1205). A troubadour adept in many styles, genres, and languages, Raimbaut de
Vaqueiras participated in the Fourth Crusade under his patron, Boniface de Montferrat.
Twenty-six lyrics of certain attribution survive, in addition to his letter in epic laisses
addresed to Boniface in 1205. His songs include the estampida Kalenda maia, a bilingual
debate with a Genoese woman and another with the trouvère Conon de Béthune, a
multilingual and a monolingual descort, other debates and cansos, a sirventes, a crusade
song, an alba, a woman’s song, and examples of other, lesser genres. These reflect the
composite portrait of a polished versifier and ironic wit who balanced his commitment to
chivalric causes with an attitude of detached amusement toward courtly styles.
Roy S.Rosenstein
[See also: TROUBADOUR POETRY]
Linskill, Joseph, ed. The Poems of the Troubadour Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. The Hague: Mouton,
1964.
Bertolucci [Pizzorusso], Valeria. “Posizione e significato del canzoniere di Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
nella storia della poesia provenzale.” Studi mediolatini e volgari 11(1963): 9–68.
Medieval france: an encyclopedia 1464