theoretical treatment of rhythmic modes was probably a distillation of performance
practices at the cathedral, subsequently edited and revised by Johannes de Garlandia (not
the English poet and scholar of the same name). Garlandia provided notational patterns
for six rhythmic modes, all intended for untexted music, and undoubtedly developed for
the discant clausulae composed at Notre-Dame as parts of organa, the polyphonic
embellishment of the liturgical service. Such modally rhythmized discant clausulae gave
rise to the motet early in the 13th century.
Sandra Pinegar
[See also: ARS ANTIQUA; CLAUSULA; FRANCO OF COLOGNE; MOTET
(13TH CENTURY); MUSIC THEORY; NOTRE-DAME SCHOOL; RHYTHM]
Frobenius, Wolf. “Modus (Rhythmuslehre).” In Handwörterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie,
ed. Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1972-. 8 pp. (1974).
Treitler, Leo. “Regarding Meter and Rhythm in the Ars Antiqua.” Musical Quarterly
65(1979):524–58.
RICHARD (DUKES OF NORMANDY)
. Richard I the Fearless (r. 942–96) was the grandson of the Viking chieftain Rollo, the
founder of Normandy. A child when his father William Longsword was murdered by
Arnulf of Flanders, Richard barely survived an alliance of King Louis IV and Hugues le
Grand against him during his minority. He faced another crisis in the 960s, when King
Lothair joined forces with the counts of Anjou, Blois-Chartres, and Flanders to invade
Normandy. Peace was settled at Gisors in 965. Richard then concentrated on
strengthening his position within his lands, allying his family with other Scandinavian
clans in the region through marriage ties, and gaining ecclesiastical support for his rule
by rebuilding churches and promoting reform.
Medieval france: an encyclopedia 1504