Raguin,Virginia. Stained Glass in Thirteenth-Century Burgundy. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1982.
Williams, Jane Welch. Bread, Wine & Money: The Windows of the Trades at Chartres Cathedral.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Zakin, Helen Jackson. French Cistercian Grisaille Glass. New York: Garland, 1979.
The volumes produced under the sponsorship of the Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi, an international
group of scholars dedicated to the study and documentation of stained glass, are essential to the
study of medieval French stained glass. Relevant titles include: Marcel Aubert et al., Les vitraux
de Notre Dame et de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris (Paris, 1959), and Jean Lafond with the
assistance of Françoise Perrot and Paul Popesco, Les vitraux de l’église Saint-Ouen de Rouen,
Vol. 1 (Paris, 1970). In the series Études: Louis Grodecki, Les vitraux de Saint-Denis: étude sur
le vitrail au XIIe siècle (Paris, 1976); Colette Manhes-Deremble with the assistance of Jean-Paul
Deremble, Les vitraux narratifs de la cathédrale de Chartres: étude iconographique (Paris,
1993). In the series Recensements des Vitraux Anciens de la France, sponsored in conjunction
with the Inventaire Général: Les vitraux de Paris, de la région parisienne, de la Picardie, et du
Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Vol. 1 (Paris, 1978); Les vitraux du Centre et des Pays de la Loire, Vol. 2
(Paris, 1981); Les vitraux de Bourgogne, Franche-Comté et Rhône-Alpes, Vol. 3 (Paris, 1986);
Les vitraux de Champagne-Ardenne, Vol. 4 (Paris, 1992).
STATIONS OF THE CROSS
. An exercise of Christian devotion known also as the Way of the Cross, in which the
faithful move around the interior of a church, stopping to pray and meditate at
representations of events from the Passion of Christ. The practice had its origins in the
visits of Christian pilgrims to the places in Jerusalem traditionally associated with the
sufferings and death of Jesus Christ. These pilgrimages are attested to as early as the 4th
century, and a series of five stational shrines was erected in the church of San Stefano in
5th-century Bologna. The idea was given considerable impetus in the 12th and 13th
centuries by the increase in devotion to the Passion of Christ that was encouraged by
veterans of the Crusades returning from the Holy Land. The Franciscans in particular
took it up and saw to the installation of stations in the churches under their care. Still, the
practice did not become universal in Catholic churches, nor was the number of stations
standardized at fourteen until the 18th century.
James McKinnon
[See also: MASS, CHANTS AND TEXTS; PROCESSION]
Thurston, Herbert. The Stations of the Cross. London: Burns and Oates, 1906.
STEPHEN HARDING
(d. 1134). Born in England, Stephen entered the Benedictine abbey of Molesme and was
one of the monks who accompanied Robert of Molesme when he left to found the new
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