Martin Picker
[See also: BURGUNDY; OCKEGHEM, JOHANNES]
Busnoys, Antoine. Collected Works. New York: Broude Trust, 1990. Parts 2 and 3: The Latin-
Texted Works, ed. Richard Taruskin.
Higgins, Paula M. “Antoine Busnois and Musical Culture in Late Fifteenth-Century France and
Burgundy.” Diss. Princeton University, 1987.
——. “In hydraulis Revisited: New Light on the Career of Antoine Busnois.” Journal of the
American Musicological Society 39(1986):36–86.
Perkins, Leeman L. “The L’homme armé Masses of Busnoys and Ockeghem: A Comparison.”
Journal of Musicology 3(1984): 363–96.
Taruskin, Richard. “Antoine Busnoys and the L’homme armé Tradition.” Journal of the American
Musicological Society 39(1986):255–93.
BUTLER OF FRANCE
. The butler (bouteiller) originally was a household officer concerned with supplying
wine (and revenues from wine) from the king’s estates. In the 11th century, the holder of
this position was recognized as one of the “great officers of the crown,” like the seneschal
and constable. Beginning in 1130, the position was held for several generations by
members of an important seigneurial family from Senlis that took the surname of Le
Bouteiller. For a thirty-year period beginning in 1317, the king’s chief financial adviser
(Henri de Sully, then Mile de Noyers) held the position of “Grand Butler.” Thereafter, it
gradually became largely honorific, as the butlers never succeeded in carving out a
permanent political or administrative role for themselves.
John Bell Henneman, Jr.
The Encyclopedia 299