in Neustria, formed to defend against Viking raiders but wiped out by the local
aristocracy for engaging in a collective oath, as described in the Annales sancti
Bertiniani. But the overall dynamics reflect changes in both the religious and social
situation in Europe after the millennium. In its ideology of peace, its collective oaths, and
its popular militias, the movement was closely related to the early 1 1th-century Peace of
God, although unlike this clerically led movement the Capuciati arose from the ranks of
lay commoners.
Richard Landes
[See also: BRIGAND/BRIGANDAGE; HERESY; MILLENNIALISM; PEACE OF
GOD; POPULAR DEVOTION; WALDO/WALDENSES]
Duby, Georges. The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1978, pp. 327–36.
Luchaire, Achille. Social France at the Time of Philip Augustus, trans. Edward B.Krehbiel. New
York: Holt, 1912, pp. 12–19.
CARCASSONNE
. Situated in a strategic position on the Aude River between the Toulousain and the
Mediterranean port of Narbonne, the city of Carcassonne (Aude) served throughout the
Middle Ages primarily as a military stronghold and center of administration. Occupied at
least since the 1st century A.D. by the Romans, Carcassonne was a major Visigothic
stronghold after the 5th century, before becoming one of the largest walled cities in
western Europe during the later Middle Ages. In the Carolingian period, the fortress of
Carcassonne became the seat of a county; a comital dynasty appeared in the early 9th cen
Carcassonne (Aude), plan of upper
city. After Stierlin.
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