Flotzinger, Rudolf. Der Discantussatz im Magnus Liber und seiner Nachfolge. Vienna: Böhlaus,
1969.
Smith, Norman E. “Some Exceptional Clausulae of the Florence Manuscript.” Music and Letters
54(1973):405–14.
CLEMENT IV
(r. 1265–68). Pope. After Urban IV died in 1264, the conclave in 1265 elected one of his
cardinals, Guy Foulques, to succeed him as Clement IV. The new pope was a native of
Languedoc and the author of one of the earlier legal opinions on the Inquisition. He had
served as a papal legate to England during a baronial rebellion against Henry III. As a
subject of Louis IX of France and of his brother Alphonse, the Capetian count of
Toulouse, the new pope favored the efforts of their brother, Charles of Anjou, to conquer
the kingdom of Naples. Clement agreed to finance Charles’s campaign against Manfred,
the illegitimate son of the emperor Frederick II; and he crowned Charles king of Sicily at
the Lateran in 1266. After Manfred’s death, the brutality of the Angevin army moved the
pope to protest to the king, but papal support of Charles continued during the war against
Conradin, Frederick’s surviving grandson, to whose execution Clement gave tacit
consent. Clement also rejected overtures from the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII
Palaeologus, who was trying to avoid an Angevin attack on Constantinople. Papal
financial support of Charles’s ambitions led Clement to expand the papacy’s claims to
appoint to vacant benefices. His successor Gregory X (r. 1271–76) temporarily would
reduce Angevin influence in the curia.
Thomas M.Izbicki
[See also: CHARLES I; LOUIS IX]
Jordan, Édouard, ed. Les registres de Clément IV (1265–1268): recueil des bulles de ce pape
publiées ou analysées d’après les manuscrits originaux des archives du Vatican. Paris: Thorin,
1893.
Nicolas, César Augustin. Un pape Saint-Gillois: Clément IV dans le monde et dans l’église, 1195–
- Nîmes: Imprimerie Générale, 1910.
CLEMENT V
(r. 1305–14). Pope. After the death of Boniface VIII in 1303, his successor, Benedict XI
(r. 1303–04), sought a compromise with Philip IV the Fair of France while condemning
Guillaume de Nogaret’s actions at Anagni. When Benedict died, Bertrand de Got,
archbishop of Bordeaux, was elected as a compromise candidate in 1305. As a subject of
both Edward I in Aquitaine and of Philip, the new pope, Clement V, was in a position to
reconcile old foes. Clement, however, beginning with his being persuaded to be crowned
in Lyon, in the presence of the French king, not at Vienne, soon proved himself
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