that the laity always had been hostile to the clergy. Apologists for the lay powers would
respond by denouncing the ambition and greed of the clergy. Clericis laicos set Robert
Wichelsey, archbishop of Canterbury, in opposition to Edward; but the French clergy
rallied behind Philip. Pressed by troubles with the Colonna family at home and by a
French embargo on the export of bullion in 1297, Boniface issued Etsi de statu, which
permitted the French monarchy a discretionary power to tax the clergy for the defense of
the realm. Despite this check, Boniface incorporated Clericis laicos into his Liber sextus
decretalium (1298). Philip IV, aware of this, later pressured Clement V into revoking this
canon. The canonists, however, continued commenting on the text, emphasizing the
inability of the clergy to evade canon law by passing their obligations on to their lay
dependents.
Thomas M.Izbicki
[See also: BONIFACE VIII; PHILIP IV THE FAIR; UNAM SANCTAM]
Izbicki, Thomas M. “Clericis laicos and the Canonists.” In Popes, Teachers and Canon Law in the
Middle Ages: Festschrift for Brian Tierney, ed. Stanley Chodorow and James R.Sweeney.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989, pp. 179–90.
Tierney, Brian. The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1964,
pp. 172–79.
CLERMONT-FERRAND
. Since Roman times, when it was named Augustonemetum, Clermont (Puy-de-Dôme)
has been the major city of Auvergne. Christianized in the mid-3rd century by St.
Austremoine, one of the “seven apostles
Medieval france: an encyclopedia 436