(“Clerics should pray for everyone, knights unhesitatingly should defend and honor, and
peasants labor.”) The purpose of the poem is to summarize the church’s teachings on the
social and political problems of the day, which Étienne does in a practical rather than
theoretical manner. He laments the absence of justice in this world and exposes the
dangers of vanity, criticizing the rich for being slaves to money and the church hierarchy
for not practicing virtue. Étienne closes by warning against concupiscence and by
regretting his involvement with women in his youth.
Claude J.Fouillade
[See also: COURTESY BOOKS; ESTATES (PROVINCIAL); GUILLAUME LE
CLERC; GUIOT DE PROVINS; HUGUES DE BERZÉ; JEAN DE MEUN; LI MUISIS,
GILLES]
Étienne de Fougères. Le livre des manières, ed. R.Anthony Lodge. Geneva: Droz, 1979.
Langlois, Charles-Victor. La vie en France au moyen âge de la fin du XIIe au milieu du XIVe siècle
d’après des moralistes du temps. Paris: Hachette, 1926.
ÉTIENNE TEMPIER
(d. 1279). A former master in the University of Paris, Étienne Tempier became bishop of
Paris and then, in 1270 and 1277, issued two condemnations of philosophical errors in the
teachings of Parisian masters. The first condemnation, December 10, 1270, specified
thirteen philosophical errors identified with the teachings of the so-called Latin
Averroists, led by Siger de Brabant, and included such ideas as the oneness of the
intellect, the eternity of the world, the mortality of the individual human soul. On March
7, 1277—the third anniversary of the death of Thomas Aquinas—Tempier condemned a
list of 219 propositions and declared excommunicated those who held or defended them.
This list, hastily compiled and unsystematic in presentation, was composed mostly of
Averroist positions but included propositions drawn from Aquinas. Influenced by
Franciscan masters and theologians of an Augustinian orientation, this condemnation
hastened the separation of philosophical inquiry and theological reflection in the
university faculties.
Grover A.Zinn
[See also: AQUINAS, THOMAS; ARABIC PHILOSOPHY, INFLUENCE OF;
ARISTOTLE, INFLUENCE OF; PHILOSOPHY; SCHOLASTICISM; SIGER DE
BRABANT; THEOLOGY]
Leff, Gordon. Paris and Oxford Universities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: An
Institutional and Intellectual History. New York: Wiley, 1968.
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