Radbertus; two works on the Trinity, apparently aimed against Hincmar of Reims, and
lyrical poems that were especially innovative in their use of rhyme.
E.Ann Matter
[See also: FLORUS OF LYON; HINCMAR OF REIMS; PASCHASIUS
RADBERTUS; RABANUS MAURUS; RATRAMNUS OF CORBIE; THEOLOGY]
Gottschalk. Œuvres théologiques et grammaticales de Godescalc d’Orbais, ed. Cyril Lambot.
Louvain: Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense, 1945.
——. “Lettre inédite de Godescalc d’Orbais,” ed. Cyril Lambot. Revue bénédictine (1958).
Duckett, Eleanor Shipley. Carolingian Portraits: A Study in the Ninth Century. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 1962.
Van Moos, Peter. “Gottschalks Gedicht O mi custos—eine confessio.” Frühmittelalterliche Studien
4–5 (1970–71).
Vielhaber, Klaus. Gottschalk der Sachse. Bonn: Rohrscheid, 1956.
GOURNAY-EN-BRAY
. The former collegial church of Saint-Hildevert at Gournay-en-Bray (Seine-Maritime)
has a six-bay nave flanked by aisles from the early 12th century (with 13th-c. rib vaults),
an 11th-century north-transept arm with an eastern apsidal chapel, and a three-bay chevet
ending in a flat wall dating from the 11th century. The chevet windows and south transept
were rebuilt in the 13th century. Saint-Hildevert is a rare surviving example of a three-
story elevation from the early 12th century in upper Normandy.
William W.Clark
Régnier, Louis. “Excursion à Gournay-en-Bray et Saint-Germer.” Annuaire normande (1903): 67–
110.
——. “Gournay-en-Bray, église Saint-Hildevert.” Congrès archéologique (Beauvais) 72(1905):74–
80.
GRAIL AND GRAIL ROMANCES
. The word gradalis, of disputed origin, meaning a kind of serving dish, is attested in
medieval Latin as early as 718. A well-known definition from ca. 1200 reads: “A
gradalis, or in the Latin of Gaul gradale, is a wide dish, somewhat deep, in which costly
foods in their broth are usually set out for the rich with pieces arranged in order
[gradatim], one after the other, in different patterns; and in the vernacular it is called a
graalz [grail]” (Hélinant de Froidmont, 1294). Association of the words for grail with
gradatim ‘by steps, in stages’ and the notion of orderly arrangement may originate in a
flight of etymological fancy typical of the Middle Ages; but the grail’s use in serving
food at a rich meal is consistent with the word’s earliest occurrences in French, in the
decasyllabic Roman d’Alexandre (1165–70) and in Chrétien de Troyes’s Perceval, or the
Medieval france: an encyclopedia 782